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Research
17 Alpha-estradiol (17 α-E2) is a natural, non-feminizing stereoisomer of 17 beta-estradiol (17 β-E2). Whereas much is known about the physiological effects of 17 β-E2, much less is known about 17 α-E2. For ex...
Biology of Sex Differences 2017 8:30
Published on: 6 September 2017
Research
Sex-related differences in human thermal and pain sensitivity are the subject of controversial discussion. The goal of this study in a large number of subjects was to investigate sex differences in thermal and...
Biology of Sex Differences 2017 8:29
Published on: 1 September 2017
Research
Pre-implantation embryos exhibit sexual dimorphisms in both primates and rodents. To determine whether these differences reflected sex-biased expression patterns, we generated transcriptome profiles for six 40...
Biology of Sex Differences 2017 8:28
Published on: 17 August 2017
Research
Sexual differentiation of the male brain, and specifically the stress circuitry in the hypothalamus, is primarily driven by estrogen exposure during the perinatal period. Surprisingly, this single hormone prom...
Biology of Sex Differences 2017 8:27
Published on: 15 August 2017
Research
Women have a higher risk of lethal arrhythmias than men in long QT syndrome type 2 (LQTS2), but the mechanisms remain uncertain due to the limited availability of healthy control human tissue. We have previous...
Biology of Sex Differences 2017 8:26
Published on: 14 August 2017
Research
Despite men being less prone to develop autoimmune diseases, male sex has been associated with a more severe disease course in several systemic autoimmune diseases. In the present study, we aimed to investigat...
Biology of Sex Differences 2017 8:25
Published on: 8 August 2017
Review
In adults, hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis activity shows sexual dimorphism, and this is thought to be a mechanism underlying sex-specific disease incidence. Evidence is scarce on whether these sex d...
Biology of Sex Differences 2017 8:23
Published on: 11 July 2017
Research
The thermoneutral zone (TNZ) is a species-specific range of ambient temperature (T a), at which mammals can maintain a constant body temperature with the lowest metabolic rate. The TNZ ...
Biology of Sex Differences 2017 8:24
Published on: 11 July 2017
Research
The 2015 National Institutes of Health (NIH) policy that sex be considered as a biological variable (SABV) is now a critical part of the peer-review process for NIH funding as well as publication in several hi...
Biology of Sex Differences 2017 8:22
Published on: 21 June 2017
Research
Several molecular and cellular processes in the vertebrate brain exhibit differences between males and females, leading to sexual dimorphism in the formation of neural circuits and brain organization. While st...
Biology of Sex Differences 2017 8:21
Published on: 15 June 2017
Research
Postpartum depression affects approximately 15% of mothers and represents a form of early life adversity for developing offspring. Postpartum depression can be treated with prescription antidepressants like fl...
Biology of Sex Differences 2017 8:20
Published on: 2 June 2017
Research
Sexual difference has been shown in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease induced by hypertension. Females are protected from hypertension and related end-organ damage. Augmentation of renal proximal tubu...
Biology of Sex Differences 2017 8:18
Published on: 30 May 2017
Research
Apoe-deficient (Apoe −/−) mice develop progressive atherosclerotic lesions with age but no severe renal pathology in the absence of additional challenges. We...
Biology of Sex Differences 2017 8:19
Published on: 30 May 2017
Research
A male fetus is suggested to be more susceptible to in utero and birth complications. This may be due in part to altered morphology or function of the XY placenta. We hypothesised that sexual dimorphism begins at...
Biology of Sex Differences 2017 8:17
Published on: 16 May 2017
Research
A more severe disease phenotype has been reported in men compared to women in several rheumatic diseases. However, studies have not conclusively established sex-related clinical features in primary Sjögren’s s...
Biology of Sex Differences 2017 8:16
Published on: 12 May 2017
Commentary
Science has come a long way with regard to the consideration of sex differences in clinical and preclinical research, but one field remains behind the curve: human statistical genetics. The goal of this commen...
Biology of Sex Differences 2017 8:15
Published on: 3 May 2017
Research
The comparison of traits in twins from opposite-sex (OS) and same-sex (SS) dizygotic twin pairs is considered a proxy measure of prenatal hormone exposure. To examine possible prenatal hormonal influences on a...
Biology of Sex Differences 2017 8:14
Published on: 27 April 2017
Research
Cardiovascular disease varies between sexes, suggesting male-female autonomic control differences. Insular gyri help coordinate autonomic regulation and show a sex-dependent response to a sympathetic challenge.
Biology of Sex Differences 2017 8:13
Published on: 20 April 2017
Research
Optimal function of the abdominal muscles is necessary for several life functions including lifting and carrying tasks. Sex differences in strength and fatigability are established for many limb muscles and ba...
Biology of Sex Differences 2017 8:12
Published on: 17 April 2017
Research
Studies investigating the influence of perinatal hormone exposure on sexually differentiated traits would greatly benefit from biomarkers of these early hormone actions. Click-evoked otoacoustic emissions show...
Biology of Sex Differences 2017 8:11
Published on: 12 April 2017
Research
Cannabis will soon become legalized in Canada, and it is currently unclear how this will impact public health. Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) is the most common pharmacological treatment for opioid use ...
Biology of Sex Differences 2017 8:8
Published on: 30 March 2017
Research
There are differences in the prevalence and severity of diseases between males, females not taking hormonal contraceptives (non-HC females) and females taking hormonal contraceptives (HC females). The aim of t...
Biology of Sex Differences 2017 8:10
Published on: 28 March 2017
Research
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a multifunctional protein, and its deficiency leads to the development of atherosclerosis in mice. Patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) have reduced expression of ApoE in lung t...
Biology of Sex Differences 2017 8:9
Published on: 20 March 2017
Research
Females are markedly underinvestigated in the biological and behavioral sciences due to the presumption that cyclic hormonal changes across the ovulatory cycle introduce excess variability to measures of inter...
Biology of Sex Differences 2017 8:7
Published on: 9 February 2017
Research
Serum peptidases, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), neutral endopeptidase (NEP), aminopeptidase N (APN), and aminopeptidase A (APA), are important elements of...
Biology of Sex Differences 2017 8:5
Published on: 3 February 2017
