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  1. The polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with insulin resistance, obesity and cardiometabolic comorbidities. We here challenged the hypothesis, using state-of-the-art proton nuclear magnetic resonanc...

    Authors: Héctor F. Escobar-Morreale, María Ángeles Martínez-García, María Insenser, Nicolau Cañellas, Xavier Correig and Manuel Luque-Ramírez
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2023 14:62
    Content type: Research Published on:

  2. There is conflicting evidence around the role of sex hormones with cardiovascular outcomes. The aim of this study was to examine the association of sex hormones with the risk of myocardial infarction (MI) in p...

    Authors: Katie Harris, Sanne A. E. Peters and Mark Woodward
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2023 14:61
    Content type: Research Published on:

  3. Human endosomal Toll-like receptors TLR7 and TLR8 recognize self and non-self RNA ligands, and are important mediators of innate immunity and autoimmune pathogenesis. TLR7 and TLR8 are, respectively, encoded b...

    Authors: Ali Youness, Claire Cenac, Berenice Faz-López, Solange Grunenwald, Franck J. Barrat, Julie Chaumeil, José Enrique Mejía and Jean-Charles Guéry
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2023 14:60
    Content type: Research Published on:

  4. The amyloid-β (Aβ) cascade is one of the most studied theories linked to AD. In multiple models, Aβ accumulation and dyshomeostasis have shown a key role in AD onset, leading to excitatory/inhibitory imbalance, t...

    Authors: Raquel Jiménez-Herrera, Ana Contreras, Souhail Djebari, Jaime Mulero-Franco, Guillermo Iborra-Lázaro, Danko Jeremic, Juan Navarro-López and Lydia Jiménez-Díaz
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2023 14:59
    Content type: Research Published on:

  5. Although sex bias has been reported in the development and progression of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), the underlying mechanisms remain enigmatic. Here, we investigated the sex differences in the tumor microenv...

    Authors: Kang Ning, Yulu Peng, Yue Jiang, Zhen Li, Xin Luo, Lede Lin, Minhua Deng, Yi Wu, Tingxuan Huang, Yixin Huang, Ye Xie, Xiaofeng Yang, Manhuai Zhang, Longbin Xiong, Xiangpeng Zou, Zhaohui Zhou…
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2023 14:58
    Content type: Research Published on:

  6. Sex differences pose a challenge and an opportunity in biomedical research. Understanding how sex chromosomes and hormones affect disease-causing mechanisms will shed light on the mechanisms underlying predomi...

    Authors: Susanna Szakats, Alice McAtamney, Hugh Cross and Megan J. Wilson
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2023 14:57
    Content type: Research Published on:

  7. Exercise training elicits changes in muscle physiology, epigenomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics, with males and females exhibiting differing physiological responses to exercise training. However, the mole...

    Authors: Shanie Landen, Macsue Jacques, Danielle Hiam, Javier Alvarez-Romero, Ralf B. Schittenhelm, Anup D. Shah, Cheng Huang, Joel R. Steele, Nicholas R. Harvey, Larisa M. Haupt, Lyn R. Griffiths, Kevin J. Ashton, Séverine Lamon, Sarah Voisin and Nir Eynon
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2023 14:56
    Content type: Research Published on:

  8. The rat estrous cycle first characterized by Long and Evans in 1922 profoundly affected the course of endocrine research. Investigators took advantage of sex steroid hormone fluctuations associated with the cy...

    Authors: Irving Zucker
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2023 14:55
    Content type: Research Published on:

  9. Aromatase catalyzes the synthesis of estrogens from androgens. Knowledge on its regional expression in the brain is of relevance to the behavioral implications of these hormones that might be linked to sex dif...

    Authors: Jana Immenschuh, Stefan Bernhard Thalhammer, Inger Sundström-Poromaa, Anat Biegon, Sylvie Dumas and Erika Comasco
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2023 14:54
    Content type: Research Published on:

  10. Sexually dimorphic mating behaviors differ between sexes and involve gonadal hormones and possibly sexually dimorphic gene expression in the brain. However, the associations among the brain, gonad, and sexual ...

    Authors: Xiangyan Dai, Ajay Pradhan, Jiao Liu, Ruolan Liu, Gang Zhai, Linyan Zhou, Jiyan Dai, Feng Shao, Zhiyong Yuan, Zhijian Wang and Zhan Yin
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2023 14:53
    Content type: Research Published on:

  11. Glutamate signaling within the nucleus accumbens underlies motivated behavior and is involved in psychiatric disease. Although behavioral sex differences in these processes are well-established, the neural mec...

    Authors: Melissa C. Knouse, Andre U. Deutschmann, Miroslav N. Nenov, Mathieu E. Wimmer and Lisa A. Briand
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2023 14:52
    Content type: Research Published on:

  12. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is notably associated with cognitive decline resulting from impaired function of hippocampal and cortical areas; however, several other domains and corresponding brain regions are affe...

    Authors: Lisa S. Robison, Olivia J. Gannon, Abigail E. Salinero, Charly Abi-Ghanem, Richard D. Kelly, David A. Riccio, Febronia M. Mansour and Kristen L. Zuloaga
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2023 14:51
    Content type: Research Published on:

  13. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is characterized by an arrest in lung development and is a leading cause of morbidity in premature neonates. It has been well documented that BPD disproportionally affects male...

    Authors: Sandra L. Grimm, Samuel Reddick, Xiaoyu Dong, Connor Leek, Amy Xiao Wang, Manuel Cantu Gutierrez, Sean M. Hartig, Bhagavatula Moorthy, Cristian Coarfa and Krithika Lingappan
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2023 14:50
    Content type: Research Published on:

  14. Behavioral sex differences are widespread in the animal world. These differences can be qualitative (i.e., behavior present in one sex but not the other, a true sex dimorphism) or quantitative (behavior is pre...

    Authors: Ednei B. dos Santos, Gregory F. Ball, David M. Logue, Charlotte A. Cornil and Jacques Balthazart
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2023 14:49
    Content type: Research Published on:

  15. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is linked to an increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) burden. Albeit underappreciated, sex differences are evident in CKD with females being more prone to CKD development, but mal...

    Authors: Liam J. Ward, Agne Laucyte-Cibulskiene, Leah Hernandez, Jonaz Ripsweden, Peter Stenvinkel and Karolina Kublickiene
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2023 14:48
    Content type: Research Published on:

  16. Premature birth and/or low birthweight have long-lasting effects on cognition. The purpose of the present systematic review is to examine whether the effects of prematurity and/or low birth weight on neurodeve...

    Authors: Julian K. Christians, Saboura Ahmadzadeh-Seddeighi, Alishba Bilal, Anastasia Bogdanovic, Rebecca Ho, Estee V. Leung, Megan A. MacGregor, Nolan M. Nadasdy and Gabriella M. Principe
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2023 14:47
    Content type: Review Published on:

  17. Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) displays sex-biased incidence, outcomes, molecular alterations and treatment efficacy; however, clinical managements are largely identical in male and female patients. M...

    Authors: Huiyang Yuan, Xin Qin, Qingya Yang, Li Liu, Zhiqing Fang, Yidong Fan and Dawei Xu
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2023 14:46
    Content type: Research Published on:

  18. Physical weakness is a key component of frailty, and is highly prevalent in older adults. While females have a higher prevalence and earlier onset, sex differences in the development of frailty-related physica...

    Authors: Jelle C. B. C. de Jong, Lars Verschuren, Martien P. M. Caspers, Marjanne D. van der Hoek, Feike R. van der Leij, Robert Kleemann, Anita M. van den Hoek, Arie G. Nieuwenhuizen and Jaap Keijer
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2023 14:45
    Content type: Research Published on:

  19. Biological factors are known to influence disease trajectories and treatment effectiveness in alcohol addiction and preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that sex is an important factor influencing diseas...

    Authors: Jerome C. Foo, Ivan Skorodumov, Rainer Spanagel and Marcus W. Meinhardt
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2023 14:44
    Content type: Research Published on:

  20. Sex differences in atherosclerosis have been described with female plaques being mostly perceived as stable and fibrous. Sex-specific mechanisms such as mosaic loss of the Y chromosome in men have been linked ...

    Authors: Michele F. Buono, Ernest Diez Benavente, Mark Daniels, Barend M. Mol, Joost M. Mekke, Gert J. de Borst, Dominique P. V. de Kleijn, Sander W. van der Laan, Gerard Pasterkamp, Charlotte Onland-Moret, Michal Mokry and Hester M. den Ruijter
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2023 14:43
    Content type: Research Published on:

  22. The development and persistence of addiction is mediated in part by drug-induced alterations in nucleus accumbens (NAc) function. AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) provide the main source of excitatory dr...

    Authors: Amanda M. Catalfio, Tracy L. Fetterly, Allison M. Nieto, Terry E. Robinson and Carrie R. Ferrario
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2023 14:41
    Content type: Research Published on:

  23. Sex and gender impacts health outcomes and disease risk throughout life. The health of women and members of the Two-Spirit, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer or Questioning (2S/LGBTQ +) community is o...

    Authors: Tori N. Stranges, Amanda B. Namchuk, Tallinn F. L. Splinter, Katherine N. Moore and Liisa A. M. Galea
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2023 14:40
    Content type: Research Published on:

  24. This study investigated the effect of sex and age at type 2 diabetes (T2D) diagnosis on the influence of T2D-related genes, parental history of T2D, and obesity on T2D development.

    Authors: Jaime Berumen, Lorena Orozco, Héctor Gallardo-Rincón, Fernando Rivas, Elizabeth Barrera, Rosa E. Benuto, Humberto García-Ortiz, Melissa Marin-Medina, Eligia Juárez-Torres, Anabel Alvarado-Silva, Espiridión Ramos-Martinez, Luis Alberto MartÍnez-Juárez, Julieta Lomelín-Gascón, Alejandra Montoya, Janinne Ortega-Montiel, Diego-Abelardo Alvarez-Hernández…
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2023 14:39
    Content type: Research Published on:

  25. Clinical trials investigating efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) revealed sex-specific divergent outcomes in urothelial cancer (UC), suggesting that sex hormones might play an important role in gen...

    Authors: Andrea Katharina Lindner, Felizian Lackner, Piotr Tymoszuk, Dominik Andreas Barth, Andreas Seeber, Florian Kocher, Bettina Toth, Margarethe Hochleitner, Martin Pichler and Renate Pichler
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2023 14:38
    Content type: Research Published on:

  26. Emerging evidence suggests that breast microbiota dysbiosis contributes to cancer initiation, progression, prognosis and treatment efficacy. Anyway, available data are referred only to female patients, and stu...

    Authors: Elena Niccolai, Simone Baldi, Giulia Nannini, Francesca Gensini, Laura Papi, Vania Vezzosi, Simonetta Bianchi, Lorenzo Orzalesi, Matteo Ramazzotti and Amedeo Amedei
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2023 14:37
    Content type: Research Published on:

  28. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) can be characterised in vivo by biomarkers reflecting amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau pathology. However, there is a need for biomarkers reflecting additional pathological pathways. Matrix meta...

    Authors: Mari Aksnes, Trine H. Edwin, Ingvild Saltvedt, Rannveig S. Eldholm, Farrukh A. Chaudhry, Nathalie B. Halaas, Marius Myrstad, Leiv O. Watne and Anne-Brita Knapskog
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2023 14:35
    Content type: Research Published on:

  29. The vast majority of women with dementia are post-menopausal. Despite clinical relevance, menopause is underrepresented in rodent models of dementia. Before menopause, women are less likely than men to experie...

    Authors: Olivia J. Gannon, Janvie S. Naik, David Riccio, Febronia M. Mansour, Charly Abi-Ghanem, Abigail E. Salinero, Richard D. Kelly, Heddwen L. Brooks and Kristen L. Zuloaga
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2023 14:34
    Content type: Research Published on:

  30. Sex differences play a critical role in the incidence and severity of cardiovascular diseases, whereby men are at a higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease compared to age-matched premenopausal women....

    Authors: Aneesa Ansari, Sarah L. Walton and Kate M. Denton
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2023 14:33
    Content type: Research Published on:

  31. The excess risk of cardiovascular diseases associated with diabetes is greater in women than in men. The present study aimed to examine sex differences in the control of cardiovascular risk factors, as well as...

    Authors: Toshiaki Ohkuma, Masanori Iwase, Hiroki Fujii and Takanari Kitazono
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2023 14:32
    Content type: Research Published on:

  32. Damage to the cerebral vasculature can lead to vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID). A reduction in blood flow to the brain leads to neuropathology, including neuroinflammation an...

    Authors: Charly Abi-Ghanem, Abigail E. Salinero, David Kordit, Febronia M. Mansour, Richard D. Kelly, Harini Venkataganesh, Nyi-Rein Kyaw, Olivia J. Gannon, David Riccio, Gabrielle Fredman, Yannick Poitelon, Sophie Belin, Ashley M. Kopec, Lisa S. Robison and Kristen L. Zuloaga
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2023 14:31
    Content type: Research Published on:

  33. Mammalian gonadal sex is determined by the presence or absence of a Y chromosome and the subsequent production of sex hormones contributes to secondary sexual differentiation. However, sex chromosome-linked ge...

    Authors: Victorya Richardson, Nora Engel and Rob J. Kulathinal
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2023 14:30
    Content type: Research Published on:

  34. Studies focusing on sex differences in circulating proteins in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) are scarce. Insight into sex-specific cardiovascular protein profiles and their...

    Authors: Marie de Bakker, Teun B. Petersen, K. Martijn Akkerhuis, Magdalena Harakalova, Victor A. Umans, Tjeerd Germans, Kadir Caliskan, Peter D. Katsikis, Peter J. van der Spek, Navin Suthahar, Rudolf A. de Boer, Dimitris Rizopoulos, Folkert W. Asselbergs, Eric Boersma and Isabella Kardys
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2023 14:29
    Content type: Research Published on:

  35. Evidence from clinical research indicates that men and women can differ in response to drug treatment. The knowledge database Janusmed Sex and Gender was developed to illuminate potential sex and gender differ...

    Authors: Linnéa Karlsson Lind, Diana M. Rydberg and Karin Schenck-Gustafsson
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2023 14:28
    Content type: Commentary Published on:

  36. Testosterone may be a possible modifiable risk factor for open-angle glaucoma (OAG) and intraocular pressure (IOP), but evidence has been scarce and conflicting. In this study we evaluated the association of t...

    Authors: Joëlle E. Vergroesen, Adem Kaynak, Elif Aribas, Maryam Kavousi, Joyce B. J. van Meurs, Caroline C. W. Klaver and Wishal D. Ramdas
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2023 14:27
    Content type: Research Published on:

  37. Non-motor symptoms are an important early feature of Parkinson’s disease (PD), encompassing a variety of cognitive and psychiatric symptoms that seem to manifest differently depending on motor symptom asymmetr...

    Authors: Ioana Medeleine Constantin, Philippe Voruz and Julie Anne Péron
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2023 14:26
    Content type: Research Published on:

  38. The quality of learning and post-learning performances is critical for daily life. The behavioral flexibility is equally important for adapting the changing circumstances. The learning process requires repeate...

    Authors: Qianwen Zhang, Mingxi Li, Zhiru Wang and Fujun Chen
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2023 14:25
    Content type: Research Published on:

  39. Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an inherited neurocutaneous disorder associated with neurodevelopmental disorders including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This condition has been associated with an increase...

    Authors: Sofia Santos, Beatriz Martins, José Sereno, João Martins, Miguel Castelo-Branco and Joana Gonçalves
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2023 14:24
    Content type: Research Published on:

  40. Postoperative pain is common but often difficult to assess, and there are many potential confounders. Over the last decades, the gender of investigator as well as participant has been found to influence pain p...

    Authors: Anna Sellgren Engskov, Andreas Ydrefors, Karolin el-Jaleb and Jonas Åkeson
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2023 14:23
    Content type: Research Published on:

  41. Lipids represent essential components of extracellular vesicles (EVs), playing structural and regulatory functions during EV biogenesis, release, targeting, and cell uptake. Importantly, lipidic dysregulation ...

    Authors: Carla Perpiñá-Clérigues, Susana Mellado, José F. Català-Senent, Francesc Ibáñez, Pilar Costa, Miguel Marcos, Consuelo Guerri, Francisco García-García and María Pascual
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2023 14:22
    Content type: Research Published on:

  42. The polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with insulin resistance, obesity and cardiometabolic comorbidities. We here challenged the hypothesis, using state-of-the art proton nuclear magnetic resonanc...

    Authors: Héctor F. Escobar-Morreale, M. Ángeles Martínez-García, María Insenser, Nicolau Cañellas, Xavier Correig and Manuel Luque-Ramírez
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2023 14:21
    Content type: Research Published on:

  43. As the housekeeping genes (HKG) generally involved in maintaining essential cell functions are typically assumed to exhibit constant expression levels across cell types, they are commonly employed as internal ...

    Authors: Maria Guaita-Cespedes, Rubén Grillo-Risco, Marta R. Hidalgo, Sonia Fernández-Veledo, Deborah Jane Burks, María de la Iglesia-Vayá, Amparo Galán and Francisco Garcia-Garcia
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2023 14:20
    Content type: Research Published on:

  44. Prenatal alcohol (ethanol) exposure (PAE) results in brain growth restriction, in part, by reprogramming self-renewal and maturation of fetal neural stem cells (NSCs) during neurogenesis. We recently showed th...

    Authors: Dae D. Chung, Amanda H. Mahnke, Marisa R. Pinson, Nihal A. Salem, Michael S. Lai, Natalie P. Collins, Andrew E. Hillhouse and Rajesh C. Miranda
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2023 14:19
    Content type: Research Published on:

  47. Aerobic exercise promotes cognitive function in older adults; however, variability exists in the degree of benefit. The brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) Val66Met polymorphism and biological sex are biol...

    Authors: Cindy K. Barha, Samantha Y. Starkey, G. Y. Robin Hsiung, Roger Tam and Teresa Liu-Ambrose
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2023 14:16
    Content type: Research Published on:

  48. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a pathogen responsible for a wide range of clinical manifestations and potentially fatal conditions. There is a paucity of information on the influence of androgens in the imm...

    Authors: Déborah Cruz Dos Santos, Rafaela de Souza Bittencout, Iago Dórea Arêas, Larissa Silva C. Pena, Carolline Florentino Almeida, Bruna Carolina de Brito Guimarães, Rafael Santos Dantas Miranda Dórea, Thiago Macêdo Lopes Correia, Manoel Neres Santos Júnior, Lorena Lôbo Brito Morbeck, Talita Costa Dos Santos, Clarissa Leal S. Souza, Samira Itana de Souza, Telma de Jesus Soares, Regiane Yatsuda, Guilherme Barreto Campos…
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2023 14:15
    Content type: Research Published on:

  49. Fatty acid metabolism in the hypothalamus has an important role in food intake, but its specific role in AgRP neurons is poorly understood. Here, we examined whether carnitinea palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A),...

    Authors: Sebastián Zagmutt, Paula Mera, Ismael González-García, Kevin Ibeas, María del Mar Romero, Arnaud Obri, Beatriz Martin, Anna Esteve-Codina, M. Carmen Soler-Vázquez, Marianela Bastias-Pérez, Laia Cañes, Elisabeth Augé, Carme Pelegri, Jordi Vilaplana, Xavier Ariza, Jordi García…
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2023 14:14
    Content type: Research Published on:

  50. The primary aim of the study is to test the null hypothesis that there are no statistically significant differences in intracranial volumes between male and female fetuses. Furthermore, we have studied the sym...

    Authors: Paul D. Griffiths, Deborah Jarvis, Cara Mooney and Michael J. Campbell
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2023 14:13
    Content type: Research Published on:

    The Correction to this article has been published in Biology of Sex Differences 2023 14:18

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Biology of Sex Differences

ISSN: 2042-6410

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