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  2. Estradiol and testosterone are powerful steroid hormones that impact brain function in numerous ways. During development, these hormones can act to program the adult brain in a male or female direction. During...

    Authors: Damian G. Zuloaga, Ashley L. Heck, Rose M. De Guzman and Robert J. Handa

    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:44

    Content type: Review

    Published on:

  3. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) of the stomach are the most common GISTs. The risk, incidence, and outcome of cancer are different between the sexes. Whether gender is related to the prognosis of gastr...

    Authors: Jianfang Rong, Sihai Chen, Conghua Song, Huan Wang, Qiaoyun Zhao, Rulin Zhao, Yajing He, Lili Yan, Yanping Song, Fangfei Wang and Yong Xie

    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:43

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  4. Human X and Y chromosomes share an evolutionary origin and, as a consequence, sequence similarity. We investigated whether the sequence homology between the X and Y chromosomes affects the alignment of RNA-Seq...

    Authors: Kimberly C. Olney, Sarah M. Brotman, Jocelyn P. Andrews, Valeria A. Valverde-Vesling and Melissa A. Wilson

    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:42

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  5. Gender difference in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) is an important topic in the field of cardiovascular medicine. In this study, we focused on the mortality difference of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA), whi...

    Authors: Zujie Gao, Jiang Xiong, Zengsheng Chen, Xiaoyan Deng, Zaipin Xu, Anqiang Sun and Yubo Fan

    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:41

    Content type: Research

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  6. Individuals exposed to gestational stressors such as alcohol exhibit a spectrum of growth patterns, suggesting individualized responses to the stressors. We hypothesized that intrauterine growth responses to g...

    Authors: Sze Ting Cecilia Kwan, Brandon H. Presswood, Kaylee K. Helfrich, Joshua W. Baulch, Sandra M. Mooney and Susan M. Smith

    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:40

    Content type: Research

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  7. X chromosome inactivation (XCI) is the mechanism by which the X-linked gene dosage is adjusted between the sexes. Evidence shows that many sex-specific diseases have their basis in X chromosome biology. While ...

    Authors: Xinzhu Zhang, Yuhong Li, Lei Ma, Guofu Zhang, Min Liu, Chuanyue Wang, Yi Zheng and Rena Li

    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:39

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  8. There are inconsistent interpretations of the interrelationship of adiposity, anthropometric indices, and blood pressure (BP) in hypertensive patients. Additionally, whether these relationships differ between ...

    Authors: Youzhou Chen, Zhuoli Zhang, Jihong Wang, Huayi Sun, Xingshan Zhao, Xiaoguang Cheng and Qiong Zhao

    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:38

    Content type: Research

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  9. Recent data suggest that excessive alcohol use is increasing among women and older adults. Such trends are concerning, as women are more vulnerable to alcohol-related health consequences, and such health probl...

    Authors: MacKenzie R. Peltier, Terril L. Verplaetse, Walter Roberts, Kelly Moore, Catherine Burke, Phillip L. Marotta, Sarah Phillips, Philip H. Smith and Sherry A. McKee

    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:37

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  10. Studies have recently examined the role of epigenetic mechanisms in preeclampsia pathophysiology. One commonly examined epigenetic process is DNA methylation. This heritable epigenetic marker is involved in ma...

    Authors: A. Cirkovic, V. Garovic, J. Milin Lazovic, O. Milicevic, M. Savic, N. Rajovic, N. Aleksic, T. Weissgerber, A. Stefanovic, D. Stanisavljevic and N. Milic

    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:36

    Content type: Review

    Published on:

  13. Women show greater pathological Tau biomarkers than men along the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) continuum, particularly among apolipoprotein ε-E4 (APOE4) carriers; however, the reason for this sex difference in unk...

    Authors: Erin E. Sundermann, Matthew S. Panizzon, Xu Chen, Murray Andrews, Douglas Galasko and Sarah J. Banks

    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:33

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  16. The hippocampus is central to spatial learning and stress responsiveness, both of which differ in form and function in males versus females, yet precisely how the hippocampus contributes to these sex differenc...

    Authors: Katherine E. Kight and Margaret M. McCarthy

    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:30

    Content type: Review

    Published on:

  17. Emerging evidence from China suggests that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is deadlier for infected men than women with a 2.8% fatality rate being reported in Chinese men versus 1.7% in women. Further, sex...

    Authors: Catherine Gebhard, Vera Regitz-Zagrosek, Hannelore K. Neuhauser, Rosemary Morgan and Sabra L. Klein

    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:29

    Content type: Review

    Published on:

  18. The commonly used laboratory rat, Rattus norvegicus, is unique in having multiple Sry gene copies found on the Y chromosome, with different copies encoding amino acid variations that influence the resulting prote...

    Authors: Jeremy W. Prokop, Surya B. Chhetri, J. Edward van Veen, Xuqi Chen, Adam C. Underwood, Katie Uhl, Melinda R. Dwinell, Aron M. Geurts, Stephanie M. Correa and Arthur P. Arnold

    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:28

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  19. Alcohol misuse and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are highly comorbid, and treatment outcomes are worse in individuals with both conditions. Although more men report experiencing traumatic events than w...

    Authors: Lucas Albrechet-Souza, Connor L. Schratz and Nicholas W. Gilpin

    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:27

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  20. Since the placenta also has a sex, fetal sex–specific differences in the occurrence of placenta-mediated complications could exist.

    Authors: Zoe A. Broere-Brown, Maria C. Adank, Laura Benschop, Myrte Tielemans, Taulant Muka, Romy Gonçalves, Wichor M. Bramer, Josje D Schoufour, Trudy Voortman, Eric A. P. Steegers, Oscar H. Franco and Sarah Schalekamp-Timmermans

    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:26

    Content type: Review

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  21. Asymmetric fetal growth and male sex are both associated with adverse neonatal outcome. However, less is known about the influence of asymmetric growth and fetal sex within SGA neonates, a group of infants alr...

    Authors: Eva R. van der Vlugt, Petra E. Verburg, Shalem Y. Leemaqz, Lesley M. E. McCowan, Lucilla Poston, Louise C. Kenny, Jenny Myers, James J. Walker, Gustaaf A. Dekker and Claire T. Roberts

    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:25

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  22. Immunotherapies are often used for the treatment, remission, and possible cure of autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, and cancers. Empirical evidence illustrates that females and males differ in outcomes...

    Authors: Sabra L. Klein and Rosemary Morgan

    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:24

    Content type: Review

    Published on:

  23. Gender-specific studies remain a neglected area of biomedical research. Recent reports have emphasized that sex-related biological factors may affect disease progression during HIV-1 infection. The aim of this...

    Authors: Letizia Santinelli, Giancarlo Ceccarelli, Cristian Borrazzo, Giuseppe Pietro Innocenti, Federica Frasca, Eugenio Nelson Cavallari, Luigi Celani, Chiara Nonne, Claudio Maria Mastroianni and Gabriella d’Ettorre

    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:23

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  24. Sleep plays an important role in vulnerability to mood disorders. However, despite the existence of sex differences in vulnerability to mood disorders, no study has yet investigated the sex effect on sleep net...

    Authors: Matthieu Hein, Jean-Pol Lanquart, Gwénolé Loas, Philippe Hubain and Paul Linkowski

    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:22

    Content type: Research

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  26. Social functioning (SF), the ability to engage with life and fulfill roles may be a salient “patient important outcome” in addiction treatment. It is not known if medication-assisted treatment (MAT) impacts SF...

    Authors: Emma A. van Reekum, Tea Rosic, Jacqueline Hudson, Nitika Sanger, David C. Marsh, Andrew Worster, Lehana Thabane and Zainab Samaan

    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:20

    Content type: Research

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  28. Large elastic arterial stiffening and endothelial dysfunction are phenotypic characteristics of vascular aging, a major risk factor for age-associated cardiovascular diseases. Compared to men, vascular aging i...

    Authors: Kerrie L. Moreau, Matthew C. Babcock and Kerry L. Hildreth

    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:18

    Content type: Review

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  29. We now know that cancer is many different diseases, with great variation even within a single histological subtype. With the current emphasis on developing personalized approaches to cancer treatment, it is as...

    Authors: Joshua B. Rubin, Joseph S. Lagas, Lauren Broestl, Jasmin Sponagel, Nathan Rockwell, Gina Rhee, Sarah F. Rosen, Si Chen, Robyn S. Klein, Princess Imoukhuede and Jingqin Luo

    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:17

    Content type: Review

    Published on:

  30. We sought to determine whether there are sex-based differences in the requirements for calories or protein for optimal growth during the transition phase (TP) when an extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infant, ...

    Authors: Pradeep Alur, Renjithkumar Kalikkot Thekkeveedu, Madaleine Meeks, Kyle C. Hart, Jagdish Desai, Marla Johnson, Sara Marie Presley and Naveed Hussain

    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:16

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  31. Studies have presented conflicting findings regarding the association between both fluctuation and deprivation of ovarian hormones and cardiovascular autonomic modulation and oxidative stress and their potenti...

    Authors: Maycon Junior Ferreira, Iris Callado Sanches, Luciana Jorge, Susana Francisca Llesuy, Maria Cláudia Irigoyen and Kátia De Angelis

    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:15

    Content type: Research

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  34. The role of sex hormones on cellular function is unclear. Studies show androgens and estrogens are protective in the CNS, whereas other studies found no effects or damaging effects. Furthermore, sex difference...

    Authors: Phong Duong, Mavis A. A. Tenkorang, Jenny Trieu, Clayton McCuiston, Nataliya Rybalchenko and Rebecca L. Cunningham

    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:12

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  35. The mechanisms involved in pulmonary hypertension (PH) development in patients and pre-clinical models are poorly understood. PH has a well-established sex dimorphism in patients with increased frequency of PH...

    Authors: Olga Rafikova, Joel James, Cody A. Eccles, Sergey Kurdyukov, Maki Niihori, Mathews Valuparampil Varghese and Ruslan Rafikov

    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:11

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  36. Obesity increases sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) in men, but not women. Here, we review current evidence suggesting that sexually dimorphic sympathoexcitatory responses to leptin and insulin may contribute. ...

    Authors: Zhigang Shi, Jennifer Wong and Virginia L. Brooks

    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:10

    Content type: Review

    Published on:

  37. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) belong to a large family comprising 22 FGF polypeptides that are widely expressed in tissues. Most of the FGFs can be secreted and involved in the regulation of skeletal muscle...

    Authors: Wei-hua Jia, Nuo-qi Wang, Lin Yin, Xi Chen, Bi-yu Hou, Jin-hua Wang, Gui-fen Qiang, Chi Bun Chan, Xiu-ying Yang and Guan-hua Du

    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:9

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  38. Depression and anxiety are more common among females than males and represent a leading cause of disease-related disability in women. Since the dopamine D1-D2 heteromer is involved in depression- and anxiety-l...

    Authors: Ahmed Hasbi, Tuan Nguyen, Haneen Rahal, Joshua D. Manduca, Sharon Miksys, Rachel F. Tyndale, Bertha K. Madras, Melissa L. Perreault and Susan R. George

    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:8

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  39. Biomechanical remodeling of coronary resistance arteries in physiological left ventricular hypertrophy has not yet been analyzed, and the possible sex differences are unknown.

    Authors: Marianna Török, Anna Monori-Kiss, Éva Pál, Eszter Horváth, Attila Jósvai, Petra Merkely, Bálint András Barta, Csaba Mátyás, Attila Oláh, Tamás Radovits, Béla Merkely, Nándor Ács, György László Nádasy and Szabolcs Várbíró

    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:7

    Content type: Research

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  40. Musculoskeletal disorders are more prevalent among women than among men, which may be explained by aspects of motor control, including neuromuscular requirements and motor variability. Using an exploratory app...

    Authors: Tessy Luger, Robert Seibt, Monika A. Rieger and Benjamin Steinhilber

    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:6

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  41. Accumulating evidence indicates that high-fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic disorders are associated with dysbiosis of the gut microbiota. However, the sex-specific characteristics of the gut microbiota and its...

    Authors: Chao Peng, Xinbo Xu, Yanshu Li, Xueyang Li, Xiaoyu Yang, Hongyan Chen, Yin Zhu, Nonghua Lu and Cong He

    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:5

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  42. Previously, we showed that 6β-hydroxytestosterone (6β-OHT), a cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1)-derived metabolite of testosterone, contributes to angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertension in male mice. This stu...

    Authors: Ajeeth K. Pingili, Brett L. Jennings, Kamalika Mukherjee, Wadah Akroush, Frank J. Gonzalez and Kafait U. Malik

    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:4

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  43. Sex bias in immune function has been contributed in part to a preponderance of immune system-related genes (ISRG) on the X-chromosome. We verified whether ISRG are more abundant on the X chromosome as compared...

    Authors: Irene Meester, Edgar Manilla-Muñoz, Rafael B. R. León-Cachón, Gustavo A. Paniagua-Frausto, Diego Carrión-Alvarez, C. Orelli Ruiz-Rodríguez, Ximena Rodríguez-Rangel and Joyce M. García-Martínez

    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:3

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  44. Estrogen plays substantial roles in pain modulation; however, studies concerning sex hormones and nociception often yield confusing results. The discrepancy could be a result of lack of consensus to regard est...

    Authors: Wenxin Zhang, Hui Wu, Qi Xu, Sheng Chen, Lihong Sun, Cuicui Jiao, Luyang Wang, Feng Fu, Ying Feng, Xiaowei Qian and Xinzhong Chen

    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:2

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  45. Diabetes is a strong risk factor for vascular disease. There is compelling evidence that the relative risk of vascular disease associated with diabetes is substantially higher in women than men. The mechanisms...

    Authors: Rianneke de Ritter, Marit de Jong, Rimke C. Vos, Carla J. H. van der Kallen, Simone J. S. Sep, Mark Woodward, Coen D. A. Stehouwer, Michiel L. Bots and Sanne A. E. Peters

    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2020 11:1

    Content type: Review

    Published on:

  46. Since the early days of PCR techniques, sex identification, “sex-typing,” of genomic DNA samples has been a fundamental part of human forensic analysis but also in animal genetics aiming at strategic livestock...

    Authors: Stephan Maxeiner, Martina Sester and Gabriela Krasteva-Christ

    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2019 10:62

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  47. Although male and female rats differ in their patterns of alcohol use, little is known regarding the neural circuit activity that underlies these differences in behavior. The current study used a machine learn...

    Authors: Angela M. Henricks, Emily D. K. Sullivan, Lucas L. Dwiel, Karina M. Keus, Ethan D. Adner, Alan I. Green and Wilder T. Doucette

    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2019 10:61

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  48. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) predominantly affects women, but previous studies suggest that men with SLE present a more severe disease phenotype. In this study, we investigated a large and well-character...

    Authors: Jorge I. Ramírez Sepúlveda, Karin Bolin, Johannes Mofors, Dag Leonard, Elisabet Svenungsson, Andreas Jönsen, Christine Bengtsson, Gunnel Nordmark, Solbritt Rantapää Dahlqvist, Anders A. Bengtsson, Lars Rönnblom, Christopher Sjöwall, Iva Gunnarsson and Marie Wahren-Herlenius

    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2019 10:60

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

  50. Placental ischemia and hypertension, characteristic features of preeclampsia, are associated with impaired cerebral blood flow (CBF) autoregulation and cerebral edema. However, the factors that contribute to t...

    Authors: Junie P. Warrington, Fan Fan, Jeremy Duncan, Mark W. Cunningham, Babette B. LaMarca, Ralf Dechend, Gerd Wallukat, Richard J. Roman, Heather A. Drummond, Joey P. Granger and Michael J. Ryan

    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2019 10:58

    Content type: Research

    Published on:

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Biology of Sex Differences

ISSN: 2042-6410

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