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  1. Blotched snakehead (Channa maculata) displays significant sexual dimorphism, with males exhibiting faster growth rates and larger body sizes compared to females. The cultivation of the all-male population of snak...

    Authors: Xiaotian Zhang, Yuxia Wu, Yang Zhang, Jin Zhang, Pengfei Chu, Kunci Chen, Haiyang Liu, Qing Luo, Shuzhan Fei, Jian Zhao and Mi Ou
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:70
    Content type: Research Published on:

  3. Differences of sex development (DSD) are congenital conditions in which chromosomal, gonadal, or phenotypic sex is atypical. In more than 50% of human DSD cases, a molecular diagnosis is not available. In inte...

    Authors: Jinhua Wu, Shuwen Tan, Zheng Feng, Haiquan Zhao, Congying Yu, Yin Yang, Bingzhou Zhong, Wenxiao Zheng, Hui Yu and Hua Li
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:68
    Content type: Research Published on:

  4. Lowering LDL-cholesterol is a fundamental goal for both primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Our study aims to analyse potential sex disparities regarding the tolerabili...

    Authors: Maximilian A. Muck, Marcus Fischer, Michael Hamerle, Christina Strack, Maxime Holzhaeuer, Dennis Pfeffer, Ute Hubauer, Lars S. Maier and Andrea Baessler
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:67
    Content type: Research Published on:

  5. While sex-based differences in various health scenarios have been thoroughly acknowledged in the literature, we lack sufficient tools and methods that allow for an in-depth analysis of sex as a variable in bio...

    Authors: Pablo Malmierca-Merlo, Rubén Sánchez-Garcia, Rubén Grillo-Risco, Irene Pérez-Díez, José F. Català-Senent, María de la Iglesia-Vayá, Marta R. Hidalgo and Francisco Garcia-Garcia
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:66
    Content type: Database Published on:

  6. Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death worldwide. Rates of cardiovascular disease vary both across the lifespan and between sexes. While multiple factors, including adverse life experiences, impact...

    Authors: Carley Dearing, Ella Sanford, Nicolette Olmstead, Rachel Morano, Lawson Wulsin and Brent Myers
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:65
    Content type: Research Published on:

  7. Sexual differences across molecular levels profoundly impact cancer biology and outcomes. Patient gender significantly influences drug responses, with divergent reactions between men and women to the same drug...

    Authors: Mengyuan Yang, Yuzhou Feng, Jiajia Liu, Hong Wang, Sijia Wu, Weiling Zhao, Pora Kim and Xiaobo Zhou
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:64
    Content type: Database Published on:

  8. Fetal sex and placental development impact pregnancy outcomes and fetal–maternal health, but the critical timepoint of placenta establishment in first trimester is understudied in human pregnancies.

    Authors: Tania L. Gonzalez, Bryn E. Willson, Erica T. Wang, Kent D. Taylor, Allynson Novoa, Akhila Swarna, Juanita C. Ortiz, Gianna J. Zeno, Caroline A. Jefferies, Kate Lawrenson, Jerome I. Rotter, Yii-Der Ida Chen, John Williams III, Jinrui Cui, Mark O. Goodarzi and Margareta D. Pisarska
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:63
    Content type: Research Published on:

  9. Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) has been observed to have significant sex differences in incidence, prognosis, and response to therapy. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for these disparities have not b...

    Authors: Enakshi Saha, Marouen Ben Guebila, Viola Fanfani, Jonas Fischer, Katherine H. Shutta, Panagiotis Mandros, Dawn L. DeMeo, John Quackenbush and Camila M. Lopes-Ramos
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:62
    Content type: Research Published on:

  10. The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) and -gonadal (HPG) axes are two major pathways that connect the neural and endocrine systems in vertebrates. Factors such as prenatal stress and maternal exposure to ex...

    Authors: Ariel Yael, Ruth Fishman, Devorah Matas, Tirza Doniger, Yoni Vortman and Lee Koren
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:61
    Content type: Research Published on:

  11. Cyp19a1a is a key enzyme in the pathway that converts androgens into estrogen and is regulated by TGF-β signaling. Smad4 and FoxH1 are downstream effectors of TGF-β signaling and may play important roles in ov...

    Authors: Qiqi Chen, Deying Yang, Mingqiang Chen, Jinxin Xiong, Junjie Huang, Wenxiang Ding, Kuo Gao, Bolin Lai, Li Zheng, Ziting Tang, Mingwang Zhang, Taiming Yan and Zhi He
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:60
    Content type: Research Published on:

  12. Schizophrenia is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by altered perception, mood, and behavior that profoundly impacts patients and society despite its relatively low prevalence. Sex-based differe...

    Authors: Hector Carceller, Marta R. Hidalgo, María José Escartí, Juan Nacher, Maria de la Iglesia-Vayá and Francisco García-García
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:59
    Content type: Research Published on:

  13. Sexual differentiation of the brain occurs in all major vertebrate lineages but is not well understood at a molecular and cellular level. Unlike most vertebrates, sex-changing fishes have the remarkable abilit...

    Authors: Coltan G. Parker, George W. Gruenhagen, Brianna E. Hegarty, Abigail R. Histed, Jeffrey T. Streelman, Justin S. Rhodes and Zachary V. Johnson
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:58
    Content type: Research Published on:

  14. Social behaviour plays a key role in mental health and wellbeing, and developing greater understanding of mechanisms underlying social interaction—particularly social motivation—holds substantial transdiagnost...

    Authors: Joel S Raymond, Simone Rehn, Morgan H James, Nicholas A Everett and Michael T Bowen
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:57
    Content type: Research Published on:

  16. Scientific evidence highlights the influence of biological sex on the relationship between stress and metabolic dysfunctions. However, there is limited understanding of how diet and stress concurrently contrib...

    Authors: Sanutha Shetty, Samuel J. Duesman, Sanil Patel, Pacific Huynh, Pamela Toh, Sanjana Shroff, Anika Das, Disha Chowhan, Benjamin Keller, Johana Alvarez, Rachel Fisher-Foye, Robert Sebra, Kristin Beaumont, Cameron S. McAlpine, Prashant Rajbhandari and Abha K. Rajbhandari
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:55
    Content type: Research Published on:

  17. The transition from childhood to adulthood, or adolescence, a developmental stage, is characterized by psychosocial and biological changes. The nucleus accumbens (NAc), a striatal brain region composed of the ...

    Authors: Heather C. Aziz and Regina A. Mangieri
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:54
    Content type: Research Published on:

  18. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the most common endocrine disorder in premenopausal women, is associated with increased obesity, hyperandrogenism, and altered brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis. MicroR...

    Authors: Samar Rezq, Alexandra M. Huffman, Jelina Basnet, Amira E. Alsemeh, Jussara M. do Carmo, Licy L. Yanes Cardozo and Damian G. Romero
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:53
    Content type: Research Published on:

  19. Prenatal hypoxia, a common pregnancy complication, leads to impaired cardiovascular outcomes in the adult offspring. It results in impaired vasodilation in coronary and mesenteric arteries of the adult offspri...

    Authors: Murilo E. Graton, Floor Spaans, Rose He, Paulami Chatterjee, Raven Kirschenman, Anita Quon, Tom J. Phillips, C. Patrick Case and Sandra T. Davidge
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:52
    Content type: Research Published on:

  20. Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) can result in lifelong disabilities known as foetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) and is associated with childhood growth deficiencies and increased bone fracture risk. Howev...

    Authors: Lucie E. Bourne, Soher N. Jayash, Lysanne V. Michels, Mark Hopkinson, Fergus M. Guppy, Claire E. Clarkin, Paul Gard, Nigel Brissett and Katherine A. Staines
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:51
    Content type: Research Published on:

  21. Active and passive surveillance studies have found that a greater proportion of females report adverse events (AE) following receipt of either the COVID-19 or seasonal influenza vaccine compared to males. In a...

    Authors: Anna Yin, Nadia Wang, Patrick J. Shea, Erica N. Rosser, Helen Kuo, Janna R. Shapiro, Katherine Z.J. Fenstermacher, Andrew Pekosz, Richard E. Rothman, Sabra L. Klein and Rosemary Morgan
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:50
    Content type: Research Published on:

  23. Sexual dimorphism significantly influences cancer incidence and prognosis. Notably, females exhibit a lower risk and favorable prognosis for non-reproductive cancers compared to males, a pattern observable bey...

    Authors: Yair Rodríguez-Santiago, Claudia Angelica Garay-Canales, Karen Elizabeth Nava-Castro and Jorge Morales-Montor
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:48
    Content type: Review Published on:

  24. Sex differences in the brain may play an important role in sex-differential prevalence of neuropsychiatric conditions.

    Authors: Stuart B. Fass, Bernard Mulvey, Rebecca Chase, Wei Yang, Din Selmanovic, Sneha M. Chaturvedi, Eric Tycksen, Lauren A. Weiss and Joseph D. Dougherty
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:47
    Content type: Research Published on:

  25. Sex hormones and sex chromosomes play a vital role in cardiovascular disease. Testosterone plays a crucial role in men’s health. Lower testosterone level is associated with cardiovascular and cardiometabolic d...

    Authors: Anil Sakamuri, Bruna Visniauskas, Isabella Kilanowski-Doroh, Alexandra B. McNally, Ariane Imulinde, Anne Kamau, Divya Sengottaian, John McLachlan, Montserrat Anguera, Franck Mauvais-Jarvis, Sarah H. Lindsey and Benard O. Ogola
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:46
    Content type: Research Published on:

  26. Past research suggests that low testosterone levels relate to poorer cognitive function and higher Alzheimer’s disease (AD) risk; however, these findings are inconsistent and are mostly derived from male sampl...

    Authors: Melanie A. Dratva, Sarah J. Banks, Matthew S. Panizzon, Douglas Galasko and Erin E. Sundermann
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:45
    Content type: Research Published on:

  27. The outcomes of traumatic brain injury (TBI) exhibit variance contingent upon biological sex. Although female sex hormones exert neuroprotective effects, the administration of estrogen and progesterone has not...

    Authors: Chunyan Li, Erum Ajmal, Khaled Alok, Keren Powell, Steven Wadolowski, Willians Tambo, Justin Turpin, Ernest Barthélemy, Yousef Al-Abed and David LeDoux
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:44
    Content type: Research Published on:

  28. Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is defined by the presence of hepatic steatosis, detected on ultrasonography (US) imaging or histology, and at least one of criteria for Metabol...

    Authors: Lucilla Crudele, Carlo De Matteis, Fabio Novielli, Ersilia Di Buduo, Stefano Petruzzelli, Alessia De Giorgi, Gianfranco Antonica, Elsa Berardi and Antonio Moschetta
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:43
    Content type: Research Published on:

  29. Sex differences exist in the prevalence and clinical manifestation of several mental disorders, suggesting that sex-specific brain phenotypes may play key roles. Previous research used machine learning models ...

    Authors: Gloria Matte Bon, Dominik Kraft, Erika Comasco, Birgit Derntl and Tobias Kaufmann
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:42
    Content type: Research Published on:

  30. Differences in immune responses between women and men are leading to a strong sex bias in the incidence of autoimmune diseases that predominantly affect women, such as multiple sclerosis (MS). MS manifests in ...

    Authors: Ingo Winschel, Anne Willing, Jan Broder Engler, Mark Walkenhorst, Nina Meurs, Lars Binkle-Ladisch, Marcel S. Woo, Lena Kristina Pfeffer, Jana K. Sonner, Uwe Borgmeyer, Sven Hendrik Hagen, Benjamin Grünhagel, Janna M. Claussen, Marcus Altfeld and Manuel A. Friese
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:41
    Content type: Research Published on:

  31. Recent studies have shown that prenatal BPA exposure altered the transcriptome profiles of autism-related genes in the offspring’s hippocampus, disrupting hippocampal neuritogenesis and causing male-specific d...

    Authors: Songphon Kanlayaprasit, Thanit Saeliw, Surangrat Thongkorn, Pawinee Panjabud, Kasidit Kasitipradit, Pattanachat Lertpeerapan, Kwanjira Songsritaya, Wasana Yuwattana, Thanawin Jantheang, Depicha Jindatip, Valerie W. Hu, Takako Kikkawa, Noriko Osumi and Tewarit Sarachana
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:40
    Content type: Research Published on:

  32. Early life adversity impairs hippocampal development and function across diverse species. While initial evidence indicated potential variations between males and females, further research is required to valida...

    Authors: Rafiad Islam, Jordon D. White, Tanzil M. Arefin, Sameet Mehta, Xinran Liu, Baruh Polis, Lauryn Giuliano, Sahabuddin Ahmed, Christian Bowers, Jiangyang Zhang and Arie Kaffman
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:39
    Content type: Research Published on:

  33. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) affects 10–26% of adults in the United States with known sex differences in prevalence and severity. OSA is characterized by elevated inflammation, oxidative stress (OS), and cogn...

    Authors: Steve Mabry, Jessica L. Bradshaw, Jennifer J. Gardner, E. Nicole Wilson and Rebecca L. Cunningham
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:38
    Content type: Research Published on:

  35. Following years of pandemic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections labelled Covid-19, long lasting impairment summarized as post-Covid syndrome (PCS) challenges worldwide healthcare. Patien...

    Authors: Alexander Kautzky, Stephan Nopp, Dietlinde Gattinger, Milos Petrovic, Martin Antlinger, Dustin Schomacker, Alexandra Kautzky-Willer and Ralf Harun Zwick
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:36
    Content type: Research Published on:

  37. Children with pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A2 (PAPP-A2) mutations resulting in low levels of bioactive insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) and progressive postnatal growth retardation have improved growth ...

    Authors: María del Mar Fernández-Arjona, Juan Antonio Navarro, Antonio Jesús López-Gambero, Marialuisa de Ceglia, Miguel Rodríguez, Leticia Rubio, Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca, Vicente Barrios, Julie A. Chowen, Jesús Argente, Patricia Rivera and Juan Suárez
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:34
    Content type: Research Published on:

  38. Recent preclinical research exploring how neuropeptide transmitter systems regulate motivated behavior reveal the increasing importance of sex as a critical biological variable. Neuropeptide systems and their ...

    Authors: Isabel R. K. Kuebler, Mauricio Suárez and Ken T. Wakabayashi
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:33
    Content type: Review Published on:

  39. Recently implemented research policies requiring the inclusion of females and males have created an urgent need for effective training in how to account for sex, and in some cases gender, in biomedical studies.

    Authors: Annika Gompers, Madeline T. Olivier and Donna L. Maney
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:32
    Content type: Research Published on:

  40. Authors: Ryan T. McCallum, Rachel-Karson Thériault, Joshua D. Manduca, Isaac S. B. Russell, Angel M. Culmer, Janan Shoja Doost, Tami A. Martino and Melissa L. Perreault
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:31
    Content type: Correction Published on:

    The original article was published in Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:16

  41. Following in vitro ischemia, the nerve growth factor receptor TrkB is activated in the presence of the TrkB agonist 7,8-DHF only in female and not in male cultured hippocampal neurons, leading to increased ne...

    Authors: Vishal Chanana, Dila Zafer, Douglas B Kintner, Jayadevi H Chandrashekhar, Jens Eickhoff, Peter A Ferrazzano, Jon E Levine and Pelin Cengiz
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:30
    Content type: Research Published on:

  42. The insular cortex (IC) plays a pivotal role in processing interoceptive and emotional information, offering insights into sex differences in behavior and cognition. The IC comprises two distinct subregions: t...

    Authors: Daniela Iezzi, Alba Cáceres-Rodríguez, Benjamin Strauss, Pascale Chavis and Olivier J. Manzoni
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:29
    Content type: Research Published on:

  43. Traumatic events experienced in childhood can lead to increased risk of cardiovascular disorders in adulthood. Black Americans are disproportionately affected, as they are at increased risk for experiencing ch...

    Authors: Charis N. Wiltshire, Nicole Kouri, Cassandra P. Wanna, Sean T. Minton, John M. France, Mariam H. Reda, William Davie, Sattvik Basarkod, Sterling Winters, Rebecca Hinrichs, Anais F. Stenson and Tanja Jovanovic
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:28
    Content type: Research Published on:

  44. Offspring of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are at an increased risk of developing neurodevelopmental and neurobehavioral disorders compared to offspring from non-affected pregnancies. Using rodent models...

    Authors: Ashley Griffin, Teylor Bowles, Lucia Solis, Teryn Railey, Samer Beauti, Reanna Robinson, Shauna-Kay Spencer, James P Shaffery and Kedra Wallace
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:27
    Content type: Research Published on:

  45. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a key player of lipid metabolism with higher plasma levels in women throughout their life. Statin treatment affects PCSK9 levels also showing evidence o...

    Authors: Janne Pott, Azin Kheirkhah, Jesper R. Gadin, Marcus E. Kleber, Graciela E. Delgado, Holger Kirsten, Lukas Forer, Stefanie M. Hauck, Ralph Burkhardt, Hubert Scharnagl, Markus Loeffler, Winfried März, Joachim Thiery, Christian Gieger, Annette Peters, Angela Silveira…
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:26
    Content type: Research Published on:

  46. Puberty depicts a period of profound and multifactorial changes ranging from social to biological factors. While brain development in youths has been studied mostly from an age perspective, recent evidence sug...

    Authors: Nina Gottschewsky, Dominik Kraft and Tobias Kaufmann
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:25
    Content type: Research Published on:

  47. Disorders/differences of sex development (DSD) are congenital conditions in which the development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical. With overlapping phenotypes and multiple genes involved...

    Authors: Abhinav Parivesh, Emmanuèle Délot, Alejandra Reyes, Janelle Ryan, Surajit Bhattacharya, Vincent Harley and Eric Vilain
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:24
    Content type: Research Published on:

  48. Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and lethal primary brain tumor in adults, with limited treatment modalities and poor prognosis. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of considering sex differenc...

    Authors: Byunghyun Jang, Dayoung Yoon, Ji Yoon Lee, Jiwon Kim, Jisoo Hong, Harim Koo and Jason K. Sa
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:23
    Content type: Research Published on:

  49. There is an ongoing debate on whether sex affects immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment and immunotherapy. Here, we explored the underlying molecular bases for sex dimorphisms and their impact on the effic...

    Authors: Huimeng Yan, Jinyuan Huang, Yingying Li and Bin Zhao
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:22
    Content type: Research Published on:

  50. Differences in male vs. female immune responses are well-documented and have significant clinical implications. While the immunomodulatory effects of sex hormones are well established, the contributions of sex...

    Authors: Carly J. Amato-Menker, Quinn Hopen, Andrea Pettit, Jasleen Gandhi, Gangqing Hu, Rosana Schafer and Jennifer Franko
    Citation: Biology of Sex Differences 2024 15:21
    Content type: Research Published on:
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Biology of Sex Differences

ISSN: 2042-6410

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