Sex and gonadal hormones in mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease: what is relevant to the human condition?

Dubal, Dena B; Broestl, Lauren; Worden, Kurtresha

doi:10.1186/2042-6410-3-24

Biology of Sex Differences

Table 2 Female studies of cognition & behavior in mouse models of AD

From: Sex and gonadal hormones in mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease: what is relevant to the human condition?

Hormone/ Regimen	Manipulation	Timing, Route, Dose	Comparison ^A	Cognition & Behavioral Measure and Ref.	AD Tg Model
Hormone Depletion	Gnx 3 mos	N/A	Intact vs Gnx	Gnx ↓ SAB (Y-maze) [162, 163]	3xTg-AD
	Gnx 3 mos	N/A	Intact vs Gnx	Gnx ↓ open arm time (EPM) [164]	3xTg-AD
	Gnx 3 mos	N/A	Intact vs Gnx	Gnx ↔ spatial memory (MWM) [159]	APP+PS1
	VCD 2-2.5 mos	N/A	Intact vs VCD	VCD ↔ spatial/working memory (RAWM) [160]	APPswe
Estrogens	Gnx 3 mo	Immediate s.c. E₂ (0.025 mg) 90 d	Gnx: Veh vs E₂	E₂ ↑ SAB (Y-maze) [162, 164]	3xTg-AD
	Gnx 3 mo	Immediate s.c. E₂ (0.025 mg) 90 d	Gnx: Veh vs E₂	E₂ ↓ freezing (FST) [164]	3xTg-AD
	Gnx 3 mos	Immediate s.c. PPT (0.25 mg) 90 d	Gnx: Veh vs PPT	PPT ↑ SAB (Y-maze) [162]	3xTg-AD
	Gnx 3 mos	Immediate s.c. DPN (0.25 mg) 90 d	Gnx: Veh vs DPN	DPN ↔ SAB (Y-maze) [162]	3xTg-AD
	Gnx 3 mos	Immediate, 3, & 6 mo later, s.c. E₂ (0.18 mg)	Gnx vs Gnx + E₂	E₂ ↔ spatial memory (MWM) [159]	APP+PS1
	VCD 2-2.5 mos	Immediate s.c. E₂ (0.36 mg) 90 d	VCD vs VCD+E₂	E₂ ↔ spatial/working memory (RAWM) [160]	APPswe
P ₄ Continuous	Gnx 3 mos	Immediate s.c. P₄ (25 mg) 90 d	Gnx: Veh vs P₄	P₄ ↔ SAB (Y-maze) [163, 164]	3xTg-AD
	Gnx 3 mos	Immediate s.c. P₄ (25 mg) 90 d	Gnx: Veh vs P₄	P₄ ↑ open arm time, ↓ freezing (EPM, FST) [164]	3xTg-AD
	Gnx 6 mos	Immediate s.c. P₄ (25 mg) 90+d	Gnx vs Gnx + P₄	P₄↔ spatial memory (NPR, MWM) [169]	APPswe+ PSEN1ΔE9
P ₄ Cyclical	Gnx 3 mos	Delayed s.c. P₄ (2.8 mg) 10 d off/on	Gnx: Veh vs P₄	P₄ ↔ SAB (Y-maze) [164]	3xTg-AD
P ₄ Cyclical	Gnx 3 mos	Delayed s.c. P₄ (2.8 mg) 10 d off/on	Gnx: Veh vs P₄	P₄↑ open arm time, ↓ freezing (EPM, FST) [164]	3xTg-AD
E ₂ + P ₄ Continuous	Gnx 3 mos	Immediate s.c. E₂ (0.025 mg) + P₄ (25 mg) 90 d	Gnx: Veh vs E₂+ P₄	E₂+ P₄ ↑ SAB (Y-maze) [163]	3xTg-AD
	Gnx 3 mos	Immediate s.c. E₂ (0.025 mg) + P₄(25 mg) 90 d	Gnx: Veh vs E₂+ P₄	E₂+ P₄ ↔SAB (Y-maze) [164]	3xTg-AD
	Gnx 3 mos	Immediate s.c. E₂ (0.025 mg) + P₄(25 mg) 90 d	Gnx: Veh vs E₂+ P₄	E₂+P₄ ↑ open arm time, ↓ freezing (FST, EPM) [164]	3xTg-AD
E ₂ + P ₄ Cyclical	Gnx 3 mos	Immediate s.c. E₂ (0.025 mg) 90 d + P₄ (2.8 mg) 30 d cycles	Gnx: Veh vs E₂+ P₄	E₂+ P₄ ↑ SAB (Y-maze) [164]	3xTg-AD
E ₂ + P ₄ Cyclical	Gnx 3 mos	Immediate s.c. E₂ (0.025 mg) 90 d + P₄ (2.8 mg) 30 d cycles	Gnx: Veh vs E₂+ P₄	E₂+P₄ ↑ open arm time, ↓ freezing (FST, EPM) [164]	3xTg-AD
LH Depletion	21 mos	I.M. injection of leuprolide followed by depot (7.5 mg/kg)	Intact: Veh vs leuprolide	leuprolide ↑ SAB in aging (Y-maze) [180]	Tg2576
Testosterone	Postnatal d1–7	IP injection of T (100 μg/d)	Intact: Veh vs T	T↔SAB (Y-maze) [116]	3xTg-AD

Symbols: ↑=increase, ↓=decrease, ↔=no change.
Abbreviations: Tg=transgenic, mos=months, d=day, E ₂=estradiol (a type of estrogen), P ₄=progesterone, LH=Leutinizing hormone, VCD=4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (causes chemically-induced ovarian atrophy), s.c.=subcutaneous, I.M.=intramuscular, IP=intraperitoneal, SAB=spontaneous alternating behavior (thought to reflect working memory), FST=forced swim test, RAWM=radial arm water maze, NPR=novel place recognition, EPM=elevated plus maze, PPT= Propylpyrazole triol (ERα agonist), DPN= Diarylpropionitrile (ERβ agonist), leuprolide=leuprolide acetate (gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist).
A, All comparisons are between groups of AD Tg mice.

Back to article page

ISSN: 2042-6410

Contact us

Submission enquiries: Access here and click Contact Us
General enquiries: info@biomedcentral.com