Fig. 2

Additional pro-inflammatory cytokines. Pro-inflammatory cytokines were increased in both males and females by CIH. MT only lowered IL-1β levels in males (A). Normoxic MT males had higher levels of IL-1β levels than normoxic MT females (A). CIH increased TNF-α levels in females, particularly in MT females (B). Data for inflammatory cytokines was log transformed for analysis. Raw values are shown and error bars denote mean ± S.E.M. Analyzed by 3-way ANOVA with Fisher’s LSD multiple comparisons tests. ANOVA significance indicated by: ***p < 0.001; Post-hoc significance indicated by unique letters (p ≤ 0.05). Significant effect observed (A): CIH X Sex X MT (F_{1, 39} = 5.558; p = 0.024; η² = 0.111). Significant effects observed (B): CIH (F_{1, 39} = 5.726; p = 0.022; η² = 0.097); CIH X Sex (F_{1, 39} = 5.968; p = 0.019; η² = 0.101); CIH X MT (F_{1, 39} = 5.203; p = 0.028; η² = 0.088). CIH chronic intermittent hypoxia, MT MitoTEMPOL