Fig. 4

Sex differences in urinary epinephrine levels before SPS and 30 min into the immobilization step of SPS. Urine samples were collected before SPS and 30 min into immobilization step of SPS, to measure urinary epinephrine levels of individual animals. A Basal relative epinephrine levels, B relative epinephrine levels 30 min into the immobilization step of SPS. Each symbol represents the value for an individual animal. Due to technical difficulties, urine samples were not collected from every single animal. Moreover, during the immobilization step urine samples were not collected from the controls as they were not exposed to stress. Each symbol represents the value for an individual animal. Before SPS (blue bars—males: control n = 5, SPS-R n = 5, SPS-S n = 6; pink bars—females: control n = 10, SPS-R n = 7, SPS-S n = 4). Following SPS (blue bars—males: SPS-R n = 6, SPS-S n = 6, and pink bars—females: SPS-R n = 8, SPS-S n = 6)