Table 1 Baseline characteristic of the participants with available fecal samples in the study according to the sex

N (men/women)

567

112

n.a

242

87

n.a

Age (years)

59.1 ± 0.4

62.8 ± 0.8

< 0.001

59.2 ± 0.6

59.6 ± 0.9

0.711

BMI (kg/m²)

31.1 ± 0.2

31.2 ± 0.5

0.821

29.5 ± 0.3

29.0 ± 0.6

0.393

WC (cm)

106.1 ± 0.5

99.0 ± 1.2

< 0.001

101.9 ± 0.7

93.6 ± 1.7

< 0.001

HDL-c (mg/dL)

41.2 ± 0.4

47.5 ± 1.2

< 0.001

43.7 ± 0.6

54.7 ± 1.3

< 0.001

LDL-c (mg/dL)

88.2 ± 1.1

91.7 ± 2.8

0.190

132.8 ± 2.0

130.9 ± 2.9

0.612

TAG (mg/dL)

136.5 ± 2.9

136.0 ± 7.3

0.953

122.1 ± 3.9

97.4 ± 4.6

0.001

Fasting glucose (mg/dL)

112.9 ± 1.6

115.8 ± 4.9

0.482

104.9 ± 1.4

93.8 ± 1.5

< 0.001

Fasting insulin (mU/l)

10.5 ± 0.4

10.8 ± 1.2

0.764

8.8 ± 0.4

6.7 ± 0.5

0.008

HbA1c (%)

6.63 ± 0.05

6.74 ± 0.13

0.409

5.75 ± 0.20

5.47 ± 0.07

0.408

Systolic BP (mmHg)

137.6 ± 0.8

141.7 ± 1.9

0.046

142.5 ± 1.2

136.9 ± 2.3

0.021

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

77.5 ± 0.5

74.2 ± 0.9

0.004

84.6 ± 0.7

78.5 ± 1.2

< 0.001