Skip to main content

Table 1 Participant demographic and clinical characteristics (N = 2020)

From: Sex differences in the influence of type 2 diabetes (T2D)-related genes, parental history of T2D, and obesity on T2D development: a case–control study

Variable

Females

Males

Both sexes

(n = 1089)

(n = 931)

(n = 2020)

Control

Cases

Control

Cases

Control

Cases

(n = 543)

(n = 546)

(n = 465)

(n = 466)

(n = 1008)

(n = 1012)

Continuous variables: means ± SD (n)

 Age (years)

59.7 ± 11.1 (543)

55.2 ± 12 (546)e

58.6 ± 11.4 (465)

55.7 ± 11.4 (466)e

59.1 ± 11.3 (1008)

55.5 ± 11.7 (1012)e

 BMIadj (kg/m2)

28 ± 5 (543)

31.4 ± 5.6 (546)e

26.9 ± 4.1 (465)

30.5 ± 5 (466)e

27.5 ± 4.6 (1008)

31 ± 5.3 (1012)e

 Waist (cm)

93.4 ± 11.4 (357)

97.5 ± 11.5 (426)e

93.4 ± 10.5 (310)

98.6 ± 12.6 (281)e

93.4 ± 11 (667)

97.9 ± 12 (707)e

 Hip (cm)

103.8 ± 11.2 (336)

106.5 ± 11.9 (424)d

98.9 ± 7.9 (298)

101.7 ± 10.8 (277)d

101.5 ± 10.1 (634)

104.6 ± 11.7 (701)e

 WHR

0.9 ± 0.1 (336)

0.92 ± 0.1 (424)d

0.94 ± 0.1 (298)

0.97 ± 0.1 (277)e

0.92 ± 0.1 (634)

0.94 ± 0.1 (701)e

 Age at diabetes diagnosis (years)

 

45.6 ± 10.5 (546)

 

46.1 ± 10.9 (466)

 

45.8 ± 10.7 (1012)

 Years with the disease

 

9.5 ± 8.5 (546)

 

9.6 ± 9 (466)

 

9.5 ± 8.7 (1012)

Parental diabetes history: % (n)

 None

63.5 (273)

37.6 (180)e

71.4 (260)

41.7 (174)e

67.1 (533)

39.5 (354)e

 Mother

19.5 (84)

30.1 (144)

14.6 (53)

26.4 (110)

17.3 (137)

28.3 (254)

 Father

11.4 (49)

13.6 (65)

9.6 (35)

14.9 (62)

10.6 (84)

14.2 (127)

 Both parents

5.6 (24)

18.8 (90)

4.4 (16)

17 (71)

5 (40)

18 (161)

 Total

100 (430)

100 (479)

100 (364)

100 (417)

100 (794)

100 (896)

Smoking: % (n)

 No

87.9 (515)

88.5 (45)a

71.4 (445)

69.5 (57)a

80.2 (960)

79.8 (102)a

 Yes

12.1 (1)

11.5 (479)

28.6 (2)

30.5 (388)

19.8 (3)

20.2 (867)

 Total

100 (519)

100 (541)

100 (448)

100 (462)

100 (967)

100 (1003)

T2D treatment: % (n)

 No

 

8.6 (45)

 

12.8 (57)

 

10.5 (102)

 Yes

 

91.4 (479)

 

87.2 (388)

 

89.5 (867)

 Total

 

100 (524)

 

100 (445)

 

100 (969)

  1. BMI body mass index, SD standard deviation, T2D type 2 diabetes, WHR waist–hip ratio
  2. BMIadj shows the BMI adjusted as described previously [5]; waist and hip circumferences shown are those measured at enrollment
  3. For the differences of means between groups, the P values were assessed using a t-test
  4. For the differences in the frequency distribution between groups, the P values were assessed using the Chi-square test, using 2 × N tables
  5. aP > 0.05; bP < 0.05; cP < 0.01; dP < 0.001; eP < 0.0001
Back to article page

Biology of Sex Differences

ISSN: 2042-6410

Contact us