Fig. 4

Neuropathology indicators associated with VCID and menopause. Cortical blood flow was measured using laser speckle contrast imaging at 9 months of age (3 months post-surgery) and a T-test performed against no difference in blood flow (A). The % difference in blood flow between the ischemic and non-ischemic hemispheres with a value closer to 0 indicating no difference in blood flow and a negative % difference indicating lower blood flow in the hemisphere ipsilateral to the occlusion (n = 11–13/group). Representative images are shown in B. White matter changes were also assessed by examining the expression of MBP, a marker of myelination. MBP expression normalized to RPL13a was measured in the corpus callosum (C) and in the ventral striatum (D). Data are presented as mean + SEM, +p < 0.05, ++++p < 0.0001 T-test vs chance and *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, 2-way ANOVA with Tukey’s multiple comparison test (n = 3–5/group)