Fig. 2

Characterization of plasma EVs. A Electron microscopy image of human and murine EVs. B Measurement of human EV size distribution and concentration by nanoparticle tracking analysis. A high peak ranging between 100 and 200 nm is shown, which includes the size range of EVs. C Analysis of the protein expression of EV markers (CD9, CD63, and CD81) in EVs and cell lysates. Calnexin expression was used to discount cytosolic protein contamination in EV samples. Cell lysates from astroglial cells were used as a positive control for calnexin expression. D Expression of ApoB-100 (LDL marker) and ApoA-1 (HDL marker) to measure LDL and HDL contamination in plasma EV samples. Plasma EV samples were not contaminated by LDL and HDL particles. Total plasma was used as a positive control for ApoB-100 and ApoA-1 expression. A representative immunoblot for each protein is shown