Fig. 4

Genes in ER stress and UPR pathways show increased expression in mice with testes. A Heatmap displays relative hepatic expression levels of genes related to ER stress and unfolded protein response in Apoe^–/– FCG genotypes (N = 3). Expression of each genotype was relative to that in XX mice with ovaries. B Real-time PCR quantification of representative ER stress genes from A (Psmd14, Hyou1, Dnjab11, and Sec61a1) in liver of Apoe^–/– FCG mice. * Indicates gonadal sex effect and † indicates chromosomal sex effect. * or ^†P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01 by two-way ANOVA. N = 4–6. In two-way ANOVA analyses, two groups of mice were combined such that the number of mice in each group used for statistical analysis is 7–12