Advances in sex disparities for cancer immunotherapy: unveiling the dilemma of Yin and Yang

Table 1 Summary of sex disparities in molecular biomarkers of immunotherapy

Biomarker	Cancer type	Tissue type for biomarker assessment	Sex bias
TMB	Multiple cancer types	Blood or tumor tissue	Male bias
Neoantigen load	Melanoma and NSCLC	Blood or tumor tissue	TBD
T cell-inflamed GEP	Multiple cancer types	Tumor tissue	TBD
CYT	Multiple cancer types	Tumor tissue	TBD
PD-L1 expression	Multiple cancer types	Tumor tissue	Female bias
HLA class I diversity	Melanoma and NSCLC	Blood	TBD
LOH at HLA class I alleles	Melanoma	Tumor tissue	TBD
TCR clonality change	Melanoma	Blood or tumor tissue	TBD
CNV	Multiple cancer types	Tumor tissue	TBD

TMB tumor mutational burden, NSCLC non-small-cell lung cancer, HLA human leukocyte antigen, LOH loss of heterozygosity, TCR T cell receptor, GEP gene expression profile, CYT cytolytic activity, CNV copy number variation, TBD to be determined

ISSN: 2042-6410