Fig. 5

Effect of EMPA on systemic and white adipose tissue (WAT) oxidative stress markers in PCOS. Effect of EMPA on A heparinized plasma total antioxidant capacity expressed as copper reducing equivalents (CRE) after 3 weeks of EMPA, and B urinary isoprostane to creatinine ratio (UICR) before EMPA treatment (12 weeks of age or 12 wo) and after 3 weeks of EMPA treatment (16 weeks of age or 16 wo). Effect of EMPA on C subcutaneous WAT (SAT) 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and D visceral (retroperitoneal) WAT (VAT) TBARS after 3 weeks of EMPA treatment. TBARS data are normalized to protein content. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM and were analyzed by two-way ANOVA (A, C, D) or by three-way ANOVA (B) followed by Tukey post hoc tests. A significant interaction was only observed for plasma total antioxidant capacity. *P < 0.05. n = 6–10 per group