Fig. 4

The effects of sex, MetS, and exercise training on echocardiographic parameters at 9 months of age in sedentary and exercise-trained male (m) and female (f) standard diet-fed wild-type (SD/WT) and high-fat diet-fed APOB-100 transgenic (HFD/APOB-100) mice. A Stroke volume, B Cardiac output, C Fractional shortening, D Ejection fraction, E E-velocity, F A-velocity, G e’-velocity, and H Heart rate. Values are mean ± SEM, n = 11–12/group, ^$p < 0.05, female vs. male groups, *p < 0.05, HFD/APOB-100 vs. SD/WT groups, ^#p < 0.05, ET vs. sedentary groups; Two-Way ANOVA (Holm-Sidak post hoc test) for comparisons between HFD/APOB-100 vs. SD/WT groups and ET vs. sedentary groups, and Student’s t-test or Mann–Whitney-U test for comparison between male and female groups. Kruskal–Wallis test (i.e., ANOVA on ranks) followed by Holm-Sidak post hoc test was performed in the cases of E-velocity within the male groups and fractional shortening and e’ velocity within the female groups