Table 1 Clinical characteristics of study patients according to sex

Age, years

59.5 ± 11.4

64.4 ± 10.3

 < 0.001

Body mass index, kg/m²

25.1 ± 3.1

25.1 ± 3.7

0.905

Body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m², %

51.5

46.2

0.014

Waist circumference (WC), cm

86.7 ± 9.5

82.7 ± 10.0

 < 0.001

WC ≥ 90 cm for men and ≥ 85 cm for women, %

35.9

38.6

0.348

Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

128 ± 17

126 ± 18

0.025

Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

79.0 ± 11.6

75.4 ± 11.6

 < 0.001

Heart rate, per minute

74.7 ± 13.6

74.5 ± 12.7

0.782

Cardiovascular risk factors, %

 Hypertension

53.6

56.0

0.255

 Diabetes mellitus

27.0

23.9

0.110

 Dyslipidemia

25.2

26.7

0.491

 Current smoking

35.0

4.9

 < 0.001

 Obesity (body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m²)

51.5

46.2

0.014

Laboratory findings

 White blood cell count, per microliter

6951 ± 2118

6811 ± 2647

0.197

 Hemoglobin, g/dL

14.3 ± 1.6

12.8 ± 1.4

 < 0.001

 Glomerular filtration rate, mL/min/1.73 m²

81.5 ± 21.3

83.3 ± 29.1

0.102

 Fasting glucose, mg/dL

119 ± 44

118 ± 46

0.755

 Glycated hemoglobin, %

6.25 ± 1.25

6.17 ± 1.12

0.356

 Total cholesterol, mg/dL

164 ± 41

172 ± 44

 < 0.001

 Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mg/dL

101 ± 36

103 ± 36

0.156

 High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mg/dL

43.6 ± 11.6

49.3 ± 13.2

 < 0.001

 Triglycerides, mg/dL

154 ± 111

127 ± 87

 < 0.001

 C-reactive protein, mg/dL

2.12 ± 8.83

0.97 ± 3.24

0.007

Concomitant medications, %

 Antiplatelets

48.8

51.2

0.287

 Calcium channel blocker

33.7

34.0

0.896

 Beta-blocker

23.1

29.2

0.003

 Renin–angiotensin system blocker

39.3

39.6

0.874

 Statin

51.4

56.6

0.022