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Table 1 The effects of sex and CKD on various in vivo left ventricular morphological and cardiac functional parameters

From: Ischemic preconditioning protects the heart against ischemia-reperfusion injury in chronic kidney disease in both males and females

Parameter (unit)

Male

Female

p-value

Sham

CKD

Sham

CKD

CKD vs. sham

Female vs. male

IWTs (mm)

3.07 ± 0.09

3.48 ± 0.21

3.31 ± 0.11

3.67 ± 0.14

0.051

0.373

IWTd (mm)

1.86 ± 0.18

2.42 ± 0.33*

1.72 ± 0.23

2.03 ± 0.09*

0.011

0.066

PWTs (mm)

3.00 ± 0.10

3.42 ± 0.24

3.24 ± 0.12

3.54 ± 0.18

0.089

0.602

PWTd (mm)

1.74 ± 0.05

2.23 ± 0.25*

1.82 ± 0.06

1.97 ± 0.14

0.038

0.203

SWTs (mm)

3.26 ± 0.11

3.98 ± 0.21*

3.32 ± 0.08

3.63 ± 0.12*

 < 0.001

0.074

SWTd (mm)

2.02 ± 0.10

2.52 ± 0.18*

1.69 ± 0.08#

1.88 ± 0.07#

0.006

 < 0.001

LVEDD (mm)

6.73 ± 0.17

6.50 ± 0.36

6.20 ± 0.14

6.41 ± 0.11

0.547

0.761

LVESD (mm)

3.51 ± 0.17

2.92 ± 0.37

2.15 ± 0.19#

2.07 ± 0.15#

0.182

0.011

Heart rate (1/min)

363 ± 6

347 ± 14

370 ± 12

379 ± 10

0.479

0.045

LVEDV (μL)

102 ± 6

75 ± 6*

89 ± 9

99 ± 6#

0.029

0.031

LVESV (μL)

33 ± 4

26 ± 3

36 ± 4

39 ± 3#

0.377

0.021

SV (μL)

70 ± 4

49 ± 5*

53 ± 6

60 ± 4

0.011

0.120

CO (mL/min)

25 ± 1

17 ± 2*

19 ± 2#

23 ± 1*

0.003

0.013

SBP (mmHg)

111 ± 6

120 ± 4

126 ± 6#

136 ± 8#

0.117

0.017

DBP (mmHg)

87 ± 5

94 ± 4

98 ± 7#

107 ± 8#

0.215

0.048

  1. Transthoracic echocardiographic and blood pressure measurements were performed 8 and 9 weeks after 5/6 nephrectomy, respectively. Values are mean ± SEM, n = 10–15 for echocardiography (sham male: n = 15, CKD male: n = 11, sham female: n = 10, and CKD female: n = 13), and n = 6–11 for blood pressure measurement (sham male: n = 10, CKD male: n = 11, sham female: n = 6, and CKD female: n = 8), *p < 0.05, CKD vs. sham-operated groups, #p < 0.05, females vs. males; p-values refer to two-way ANOVA (Holm–Sidak post hoc test). CKD chronic kidney disease, CO cardiac output, d diastolic, DBP diastolic blood pressure, E-wave early ventricular filling velocity, e' e'-wave, mitral annulus velocity measured by tissue Doppler, IWT inferior wall thickness, LVEDD left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, LVEDV left ventricular end-diastolic volume, LVESD left ventricular end-systolic diameter, LVESV left ventricular end-systolic volume, PWT posterior wall thickness, s systolic, SBP systolic blood pressure, SV stroke volume, SWT septal wall thickness