Table 2 Traits affected by food restriction (FR) or protein restriction (PR) throughout gestation in rats
Study | Na | Manipulation | Traits affected in males | Traits affected in females | Traits affected in both sexes | Analysed sexes separately or tested interaction |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wistar rats | ||||||
 Howie 2012 [43] | 6 | FR (50%) | Insulin:leptin ratio; blood lipids; hepatic; spleen | Hepatic | Birthweight; body weight; fat; bone; leptin; blood lipids | Sexes separately |
 Ozaki 2001 [44] | 10–11 | FR (70%) | Cardiovascular | Cardiovascular | Cardiovascular | Sexes separately |
 Peiris 2010 [45] | ? | FR (30%) | Insulin | Fat | Body weight | Interaction |
 Sánchez-Garrido 2013 [46] | ? | FR (70%) | Body weight; insulind | Body weight; insulind | Birthweight; FSH | Sexes separately |
 Alwasel 2009 [20] | ? | PR (9% vs 18%) | None | None | Cardiovascular; renal | Interaction |
 Bellinger 2006b [22] | 8–11 | PR (9% vs 18%) | Body weight; fat | Fat; behavioural | None | Interaction |
 Cooke 2014c [24] | 6 | PR (8% vs 20%) | Renal | Renal | Foetal weight; renal | Sexes separately |
 Elmes 2007 [26] | 8 | PR (9% vs 18%) | Cardiovascular | None | Cardiovascular | Interaction |
 Elmes 2009 [27] | 6 | PR (9% vs 18%) | Cardiovasculare | Cardiovasculare | Cardiovascular | Interaction |
 Kwong 2006b [28] | 11–13 | PR (9% vs 18%) | None | None | None | Not clear |
Kwong 2007b [29] | 11–13 | PR (9% vs 18%) | Hepatic | None | None | Sexes separately |
 Langley-Evans 1997 [30] | 3 | PR (9% vs 18%) | Lung; renal; brain | None | Body weight; cardiovascular | Sexes separately |
 Langley-Evans 2005 [31] | 7 | PR (9% vs 18%) | Hepatic | None | None | Interaction |
 Langley-Evans 2006 [32] | 5–8 | PR (9% vs 18%) | None | Placental weight; hepatic | Placental weight | Interaction |
 Mallinson 2007b [33] | 11–13 | PR (9% vs 18%) | Muscular | None | None | Interaction |
 McMullen 2005 [34] | 6 | PR (9% vs 18%) | None | Cardiovascular; renal | Cardiovascular | Interaction |
 McMullen 2005 [35] | 10–11 | PR (9% vs 18%) | None | Renal | Renal | Interaction |
 Theys 2009 [38] | 7 | PR (8% vs 20%) | Blood lipids; pancreatic | Pancreatic; hepatic | Birthweight; pancreatic | Interaction |
 Torrens 2009 [39] | 6–7 | PR (9% vs 18%) | Cardiovascular; blood inflammatory markers | None | Cardiovascular | Sexes separately |
 Vega 2016 [40] | 6 | PR (10% vs 20%) | Placental; foetal hepatice; blood lipids; hepatic | Placental; foetal hepatice; fat; hepatic | Foetal weight; foetal:placental ratio; placental; foetal hepatic; hepatic; leptin; corticosterone; insulin | Sexes separately |
 Ye 2018 [41] | 7–10 | PR (10% vs 20%) | None | Brain; behavioural | None | Interaction |
 Zambrano 2006 [42] | 4–6 | PR (10% vs 20%) | Leptin; glucose; blood lipids | Birthweight; fat | Insulin | Sexes separately |
Sprague-Dawley rats | ||||||
 Gao 2012d [51] | 10 | PR (6% vs 20%) | Placental | Placental | Foetal weight; placental weight; placental | Interaction |
 Gao 2012d [52] | 10 | PR (6% vs 20%) | Placental | Placental | Foetal weight; placental | Interaction |
 Sathishkumar 2012 [53] | 8–9 | PR (6% vs 20%) | Cardiovascular | Cardiovascular | Cardiovascular | Sexes separately |
 Woods 2004b [54] | 6–9 | PR (5% vs 19%) | Body weight; renal | None | Body weight; cardiovascular; renal | Sexes separately and interaction |
 Woods 2005 [55] | 13–16 | PR (9% vs 19%) | Renal | None | Birthweight | Sexes separately |