Table 1 Studies in animal models and in humans on the effects of vitamin D in MS

Inhibition of EAE-induction in female mice [79]

↓ demyelination [80]

↓ Th1, Th17 cells,

↑ Th2, Treg cells,

↑ IL-4, IL-10, TGF-β,

↓ IFN-γ, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-17 [80]

In vitro studies:

↓ T cells proliferation,

↓ IFN-γ, IL-17,

↑ IL-10 (higher effects in ♀ than in ♂) [51]

Clinical studies:

↓ relapse rate and inflammatory markers [82, 84, 85]

Improvement of MRI findings [83]

No improvement in MS outcomes [86,87,88,89,90,91,92]