Fig. 5

Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) analysis identifies differentially abundant taxa induced by dietary copper and fructose. Cladogram and histogram with LDA score ≥ 2 showing the features with differential abundance of taxa between groups in a male rats and b female rats (Wilcoxon rank-sum test). c Venn diagram. Each circle’s diameter in the cladogram is proportional to the taxon’s abundance. From the outer circle to the inner circle, the circles represent phyla, class, order, family, and genus. Differentially abundant taxa in specific groups were represented in different colors with the exception that yellow represents non-significant in the cladogram. M, male; F, female; Cu, copper; A, adequate copper diet; AF, adequate copper diet +10% fructose (w/v) in the drinking water; M, marginal copper diet; MF, marginal copper diet +10% fructose (w/v) in the drinking water