Table 1 Basic characteristics and intervention results among men and women

Group, n (%)

0.220

 LSI

28 (32.94%)

25 (35.71%)

 PGZ + LSI

22 (25.88%)

25 (35.71%)

 BBR + LSI

35 (41.18%)

20 (28.57%)

Age (age)

49.62 ± 10.81

53.47 ± 7.68

0.013

Smoking, n (%)

23 (27.06%)

2 (2.86%)

< 0.001

Drinking, n (%)

25 (29.41%)

1 (1.43%)

< 0.001

Glucose metabolism

0.643

 IGR, n (%)

42 (49.41%)

37 (52.86%)

 T2DM, n (%)

43 (50.59%)

33 (47.14%)

Treatment adherence (%)

100 (15–100)

100 (32–100)

0.161

Baseline BMI (kg/m²)

28.0 ± 3.5

27.4 ± 4.0

0.301

Final BMI (kg/m²)

27.0 ± 3.1

26.5 ± 4.1

0.466

BMI changes (kg/m²)

− 1.1 ± 1.1^a

− 0.9 ± 1.1^a

0.270

Baseline LFC (%)

33.02 ± 13.70

36.01 ± 16.21

0.215

Final LFC (%)

19.65 ± 12.65

21.76 ± 15.79

0.357

− 13.35 ± 15.41^a

− 14.27 ± 15.58^a

0.714

 LSI (n = 53)

− 12.64 ± 17.78^a

− 8.76 ± 13.49^a

0.379

 PGZ + LSI (n = 47)

− 9.95 ± 15.18^a

− 15.24 ± 14.54^a

0.229

 BBR + LSI (n = 55)

− 16.06 ± 13.35^a

− 19.95 ± 17.59^a

0.359