Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the study sample

Maternal age at enrollment (years)

27.47 ± 6.42

26.35 ± 6.76

27.03 ± 4.76

27.02 ± 5.88

0.631^a

Gestational age at enrollment (weeks)

18.29 ± 5.06

19.83 ± 5.14

18.03 ± 5.50

18.58 ± 5.24

0.162^a

 Khmelnytsky

20 (58.8%)

6 (26.1%)

13 (36.1%)

39 (41.9%)

0.036*^b

 Rivne

14 (41.2%)

17 (73.9%)

23 (63.9%)

54 (58.1%)

 Married or co-habiting

30 (88.2%)

20 (87.0%)

34 (94.4%)

84 (90.3%)

0.506^b

 Single/separated

4 (11.8%)

3 (13.0%)

2 (5.6%)

9 (9.7%)

 Less than high school

4 (11.8%)

1 (4.3%)

0 (0.0%)

5 (5.4%)

0.042*^b

 High school or equivalent

18 (52.9%)

13 (56.5%)

13 (36.1%)

44 (47.3%)

 Some college or higher

12 (35.3%)

9 (39.1%)

23 (63.9%)

44 (47.3%)

 8–19

8 (23.5%)

1 (4.3%)

2 (5.6%)

11 (11.8%)

0.13^b

 20–29

4 (11.8%)

5 (21.7%)

6 (16.7%)

15 (16.1%)

 30–39

12 (35.3%)

10 (43.5%)

8 (22.2%)

30 (32.3%)

 40–54

8 (23.5%)

5 (21.7%)

13 (36.1%)

26 (28.0%)

 55–66

2 (5.9%)

2 (8.7%)

7 (19.4%)

11 (11.8%)

 > 1

16 (47.1%)

12 (52.2%)

20 (55.6%)

48 (51.6%)

0.808^b

 1

18 (52.9%)

11 (47.8%)

16 (44.4%)

45 (48.4%)

 > 0

14 (41.2%)

10 (43.5%)

16 (44.4%)

40 (43.0%)

0.964^b

 0

20 (58.8%)

13 (56.5%)

20 (55.6%)

53 (57.0%)

Pre-pregnancy body mass index

23.07 ± 4.22

24.91 ± 3.97

23.55 ± 3.59

23.70 ± 3.94

0.189^a

 Current smoker

10 (30.3%)

5 (21.7%)

3 (8.3%)

18 (19.6%)

< 0.001*^b

 Never

9 (27.3%)

6 (26.1%)

31 (86.1%)

46 (50.0%)

 Past smoker (quit after realized pregnancy)

11 (33.3%)

7 (30.4%)

1 (2.8%)

19 (20.7%)

 Past smoker (quit before pregnancy)

3 (9.1%)

5 (21.7%)

1 (2.8%)

9 (9.8%)

Cigarettes per day during pregnancy in smokers

7.10 ± 4.01

4.00 ± 3.16

6.33 ± 3.21

6.11 ± 3.74

0.732^a

 No

12 (35.3%)

3 (13.0%)

8 (22.2%)

23 (24.7%)

0.165^b

 Yes

22 (64.7%)

20 (87.0%)

28 (77.8%)

70 (75.3%)

 No

14 (41.2%)

7 (30.4%)

15 (41.7%)

36 (38.7%)

0.687^b

 Yes

20 (58.8%)

16 (69.6%)

21 (58.3%)

57 (61.3%)

 1st blood draw (GA_bd1)

19.18 ± 5.09

19.38 ± 5.2

18.21 ± 4.65

18.88 ± 4.93

0.543^a

 2nd blood draw (GA_bd2)

33.51 ± 2.33

33.57 ± 2.25

32.35 ± 2.50

33.08 ± 2.42

0.013*^a

 AADO: at the time of conception

1.08 ± 1.27 (31.94 ± 37.56)

0.63 ± 0.62 (18.63 ± 18.34)

0.01 ± 0.06 (0.3 ± 1.77)

0.56 ± 0.94 (16.56 ± 27.8)

< 0.001*^a

 AADXP: 2 weeks prior to enrollment

0.27 ± 0.65 (7.98 ± 19.22)

0.10 ± 0.29 (2.96 ± 8.58)

0.00 ± 0.00 (0.00 ± 0.00)

0.12 ± 0.43 (3.55 ± 12.72)

< 0.001*^a

 AADDO: at the time of conception

2.57 ± 2.53 (76 ± 74.82)

1.63 ± 1.44 (48 ± 42.59)

0.05 ± 0.21 (1.48 ± 6.21)

1.36 ± 2.01 (40.22 ± 59.44)

< 0.001*^a

 AADDXP: 2 weeks prior to enrollment

0.80 ± 1.46 (23.66 ± 43.18)

0.41 ± 0.74 (12.13 ± 21.88)

0.00 ± 0.00 (0.00 ± 0.00)

0.39 ± 1.01 (11.53 ± 29.87)

< 0.001*^a

 Females

18 (52.9%)

14 (60.9%)

14 (38.9%)

46 (49.5%)

0.246^b

 Males

16 (47.1%)

9 (39.1%)

22 (61.1%)

47 (50.5%)

Birthweight (g)

^#3151.85 ± 604.25

3386.09 ± 538.34

3476.50 ± 405.10

3335.45 ± 532.52