Table 1 Summary of sex-biased PK measures and concordance with clinical ADRs
From: Sex differences in pharmacokinetics predict adverse drug reactions in women
WHO ATC category | Druga | PK measureb | Female-biased ADRs | Male-biased ADRs | PK vs ADR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alimentary tract, metabolism | Liraglutide | CLT | headache, vomiting, nausea | -- | Concordant |
Ranitidine | AUC, Tmax | -- | Duodenal damage | Concordant | |
Rosiglitazone | CLT | Fracture | -- | Concordant | |
Blood and blood forming organs | Heparin | CLT | blood disorders, lymphatic disorders, bleeding (60 yoa) | -- | Concordant |
Aspirin | AUC, ClT, t1/2 | elevated fibrinogen, CVD in T2D | Bleeding | Concordant | |
Warfarin | CLT | Bleeding | -- | Concordant | |
Clopidogrel | AUC, Cmax | fracture, bleeding, GI symptoms, IBD | -- | Concordant | |
Dabigatran | AUC | Bleeding | -- | Concordant | |
Cardiovascular system | Torasemide | AUC, Cmax, ClT,t1/2 | Hospitalization | -- | Concordant |
Pravastatin | AUC, Cmax | CHD | -- | Concordant | |
Amlodipine | CLT | Edema, flushing, palpitations | -- | Discordant | |
Digoxin | CLT | Mortality | -- | Concordant | |
Verapamil | CLT | Constipation, edema, fatigue, headache | -- | Concordant | |
Aliskiren | AUC, Cmax | Diarrhea | -- | Concordant | |
Losartan | AUC, Cmax | -- | Angina, mortality | Discordant | |
| Â | Propranolol | AUC, Cmax, ClT | dizziness muscle pain headache dry mouth | -- | Concordant |
Dofetilide | SysExp | TdP | -- | Concordant | |
Genito-urinary system, sex hormones | Mirabegron | AUC, Cmax, SysExp | Treatment discontinuation (CAN), treatment discontinuation (CZE) | Treatment discontinuation (UK) | Concordant |
Darifenacin | AUC, Cmax, ClT | F > M, ADRs not specified | -- | Concordant | |
Trospium | AUC, Cmax | Cognitive impairments | -- | Concordant | |
Systemic hormonal preparations | Prednisone | AUC, ClT | Depression, fatigue, hair loss, mood swings, weight gain | -- | Concordant |
Anti-infectives | Levofloxacin | ClT, SysExp | Fluoroquinolone toxicity | -- | Concordant |
Erythromycin | CLT | TdP | -- | Discordant | |
Voriconazole | AUC, Cmax | cardiac QTc symptoms | -- | Concordant | |
Antineoplastics, immunomodulators | Cyclosporin | CLT | -- | -- | Discordant* |
Fluorouracil | AUC, ClT | Stomatitis, leukopenia, alopecia, diarrhea, mucositis | -- | Concordant | |
Paclitaxel | CLT | Myocardial infarction, death, lesion revascularization | -- | Concordant | |
Capecitabine | AUC | Dose-limiting toxicity | -- | Concordant | |
Infliximab | CLT | Allergic reactions | -- | Concordant | |
Adalimumab | CLT | Allergic reactions | -- | Concordant | |
Anesthetics, analgesics | Morphine | CLT | Respiratory depression, hypoxic sensitivity, emesis, nausea | -- | Concordant |
Oxycodone | CLT | Nausea, pruritus, negative affect | -- | Concordant | |
Buprenorphine | AUC, Cmax | Sleep disturbance | -- | Concordant | |
Tramadol | AUC, Cmax | Treatment discontinuation | -- | Concordant | |
Zolmitriptan | AUC, Cmax | Face and neck presure | -- | Concordant | |
Ketamine | ClT | -- | Verbal learning, subjective memory | Concordant | |
Anti-epileptics, anti-Parkinson’s | Carbamazepine | ClT, t1/2 | Cognitive impairment, elevated LDL/HDL | -- | Discordant |
Gabapentin | Cmax | Dizziness, somnolescence, nausea | -- | Concordant | |
Perampanel | AUC, ClT | Dizziness, headache, treatment discontinuation | -- | Concordant | |
Pramipexole | AUC, Cmax | Nausea, fatigue | -- | Concordant | |
Psycholeptics | Olanzapine | CLT | Severe weight gain | Â | Concordant |
Clozapine | CLT | Blood glucose, laxative use, obesity, type II diabetes, neutropenia, leukopenia, weight gain | Hypertension, increases in BMI, elevated homocysteine, increased basal metabolic rate, increased plasma lipids, QTc symptoms, blood dyscrasias, myocarditis, cardiomyopathy | Discordant | |
Risperidone | CLT | Hyperprolactinemia, neurological effects, headache, hypotension | -- | Concordant | |
Aripiprazol | AUC, Cmax | Blood pressure, heart rate, elongated QTc | -- | Concordant | |
Diazepam | t1/2 | Psychomotor impairment | -- | Concordant | |
Zolpidem | AUC, Cmax, ClT | Cognitive impairment, driving impairment | -- | Concordant | |
Eszopiclone | AUC | Dysgeusia | -- | Concordant | |
Psychoanaleptics | Imipramine | CLT | Dry mouth, constipation, sweating, tremor, treatment discontinuation | -- | Concordant |
Nortriptyline | CLT | Dry mouth | -- | Concordant | |
Fluoxetine | CLT | Hypercortisolemia, elevated albumin, elevated tryptophan, suicidal ideation | -- | Concordant | |
Citalopram | CLT | Elevated ADH | -- | Concordant | |
Sertraline | AUC, ClT, t1/2 | Cholesterol, nausea, dizziness, delusions | Dyspepsia, sexual dysfunction, urinary frequency | Concordant | |
Bupropion | AUC, Cmax, t1/2 | EEG abnormalities, seizure | -- | Concordant | |
Methylphenidate | AUC | Anxiety disorder | -- | Discordant | |
Antiparasitics | Primaquine | AUC, Cmax | Nausea | -- | Concordant |
Respiratory | Terfenadine | Cmax | TdP | -- | Concordant |
Fexofenadine | AUC, Cmax | Visual attention deficits, reaction time deficits, driving impairments | -- | Concordant | |
Miscellaneous | MDMA | CLT | Elevated copeptin, hyponatremia | -- | Concordant |
| Â | Cannabis | CLT | Increased subjective emotional responses, problematic useintrovertive anhedonia | -- | Concordant |