From: Estrogen-related mechanisms in sex differences of hypertension and target organ damage
Effect | Sample | Reference |
---|---|---|
Increased baroreflex sensitivity | Postmenopausal women | [15] |
Decreased renin levels & ACE activity | Postmenopausal women | |
Increased eNOs & NO | Human umbilical vein & bovine aorta endothelial cells | [18] |
Decreased sICAM1, VCAM1, IL-6 and plasma E-selectin | Postmenopausal women | [19] |
Decreased left ventricular mass | Postmenopausal women | [20] |
Decreased cardiomyocyte surface area | Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes | [21] |
Accumulated nuclear phosphorylated protein kinase B | Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes | [22] |
Decreased collagen; increased elastin | Primary human aortic smooth muscle cells | [23] |
Increased leptin sensitivity; decreased insulin sensitivity | Ovariectomized Long-Evans rats | [24] |
Decreased proteinuria, TGFB1 & PDGFA | Ovariectomized Wistar rats | [25] |