Table 3 Regulatory interactions between the RAS and sex hormones
From: Sex differences in the metabolic effects of the renin-angiotensin system
| RAS component | Estrogen | Androgen | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Angiotensinogen | |||
| Preclinical | ↑ | ↑ | [199,200,201,202] |
| Clinical | ↑ | UNK | [203,204,205] |
| Prorenin | |||
| Preclinical | UNK | ↑ | [206, 207] |
| Clinical | ↓ | UNK | [133] |
| Renin | |||
| Preclinical | - | ↑ | [201, 208, 209] |
| Clinical, PRC | ↓ | UNK | [133, 203, 205] |
| Clinical, PRA | ↑ | UNK | [204, 210, 211] |
| ACE | |||
| Preclinical | ↓ | ↑ | [208, 212, 213] |
| Clinical | ↓ | ↑ | [205, 214, 215] |
| Angiotensin II | |||
| Preclinical | ↑, ↓ | - | [208, 216, 217] |
| Clinical | ↑ | UNK | [204, 205, 211, 214] |
| AT1R | |||
| Preclinical | ↓ | ↑ | [212, 216, 218,219,220,221] |
| Clinical | UNK | UNK | |
| AT2R | |||
| Preclinical | ↑ | ↓ | [219, 222, 223] |
| Clinical | UNK | UNK | |
| Angiotensin-(1-7) | |||
| Preclinical | ↑ | UNK | [141, 208] |
| Clinical | ↑ | UNK | [171] |
| ACE2 | |||
| Preclinical | ↑ | - | [141, 224, 225] |
| Clinical | UNK | UNK | |
| Mas receptor | |||
| Preclinical | UNK | UNK | |
| Clinical | UNK | UNK | |
| Alamandine | |||
| Preclinical | UNK | UNK | |
| Clinical | UNK | UNK | |