Fig. 3

Donor-specific response of male and female cells cultured on microstructured Ti surfaces and treated with 17β-estradiol for 24 h at confluence on TCPS. Cell number was assessed to measure proliferation (a, f). Alkaline phosphatase-specific activity in cell lysates was assessed (b, g). Production of osteocalcin (c, h), osteoprotegerin (d, i), and latent TGF-β1 (e, j) after 24-h fresh medium incubation. *p < 0.05, vs. TCPS; ^#p < 0.05, vs. untreated control group per surface