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Table 2 List of anthropometric measurements used in analysis

From: Using the 3D Facial Norms Database to investigate craniofacial sexual dimorphism in healthy children, adolescents, and adults

Measurement

Region

Landmarks involved

Collection method

Maximum cranial width

Head

Right euryon (eu_r)—left euryon (eu_l)

Spreading calipers

Minimum frontal width

Head

Right frontotemporale (ft_r)—left frontotemporale (ft_l)

Spreading calipers

Maximum facial width

Face

Right zygion (zy_r)—left zygion (zy_l)

Spreading calipers

Mandibular width

Face

Right gonion (go_r)—left gonion (go_l)

Spreading calipers

Maximum cranial length

Head

Glabella (g)—opisthocranion (op)

Spreading calipers

Cranial base width

Head

Right tragion (t_r)—left tragion (t_l)

3D Photogrammetry

Upper facial deptha

Face

Nasion (n)—left tragion (t_l)

3D Photogrammetry

Middle facial deptha

Face

Subnasale (sn)—left tragion (t_l)

3D Photogrammetry

Lower facial deptha

Face

Gnathion (gn)—left tragion (t_l)

3D Photogrammetry

Morphological facial height

Face

Nasion (n)—gnathion (gn)

3D Photogrammetry

Upper facial height

Face

Nasion (n)—stomion (sto)

3D Photogrammetry

Lower facial height

Face

Subnasale (sn)—gnathion (gn)

3D Photogrammetry

Intercanthal width

Eye

Right endocanthion (en_r)—left endocanthion (en_l)

3D Photogrammetry

Outercanthal width

Eye

Right exocanthion (ex_r)—left exocanthion (ex_l)

3D Photogrammetry

Palpebral fissure lengtha

Eye

Left endocanthion (en_l)—left exocanthion (ex_l)

3D Photogrammetry

Nasal width

Nose

Right alare (al_r)—left alare (al_l):

3D Photogrammetry

Subnasal width

Nose

Right subalare (sbal_r)—left subalare (sbal_l)

3D Photogrammetry

Nasal protrusion

Nose

Subnasale (sn)—pronasale (prn)

3D Photogrammetry

Nasal ala lengtha

Nose

Left alar curvature point (ac_l)—pronasale (prn)

3D Photogrammetry

Nasal height

Nose

Nasion (n)—subnasale (sn)

3D Photogrammetry

Nasal bridge length

Nose

Nasion (n)—pronasale (prn)

3D Photogrammetry

Labial fissure width

Mouth

Right chelion (ch_r)—left chelion (ch_l)

3D Photogrammetry

Philtrum width

Mouth

Right crista philtri (cph_r)—left crista philtri (cph_l)

3D Photogrammetry

Philtrum length

Mouth

Subnasale (sn)—labiale superius (ls)

3D Photogrammetry

Upper lip height

Mouth

Subnasale (sn)—stomion (sto)

3D Photogrammetry

Lower lip height

Mouth

Stomion (sto)—sublabiale (sl)

3D Photogrammetry

Upper vermilion height

Mouth

Labiale superius (ls)—stomion (sto)

3D Photogrammetry

Lower vermilion height

Mouth

Stomion (sto)—labiale inferius (li)

3D Photogrammetry

Cutaneous lower lip height

Mouth

Labiale inferius (li)—sublabiale (sl)

3D Photogrammetry

  1. Detailed descriptions of these measurements are available at the following link: https://www.facebase.org/facial_norms/notes
  2. aIndicates that only the left side of this bilateral measurement is included