Fig. 1

scRNA-seq profiling of TME of male and female RCC patients. A Sex difference of incidence and clinical stages of 1102 RCC patients who underwent nephrectomy from 1999 to 2020 at SYSUCC. B Meta-analysis of sex-specific pooled hazard ratios in various immunotherapy RCTs. C A schematic representation of scRNA-seq profiling of tumors and adjacent normal kidneys in male and female patients with RCC. D The UMAP plot shows the annotation and color codes for different cell types in tumors and adjacent normal kidney ecosystems. E Heatmap showing the expression of marker genes in the indicated cell types. F, G Histograms and boxplots illustrating the percentage of cell types in different groups. HR: hazard ratio; OS: overall survival; PFS: progression-free survival; RCC: renal cell carcinoma; RCTs: randomized controlled trials; scRNA-seq: single-cell RNA sequencing; SYSUCC: Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; UMAP: uniform manifold approximation and projection