Fig. 3

Sex and age interact to influence hypothalamic expression of inflammation-related genes in 3xTg-AD mice. Gene expression levels in homogenate of the whole hypothalamus related to inflammation in male and female 3xTg-AD mice at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months of age. Hypothalamus was collected and assayed for A Iba1, B GFAP, C TNF-α, D IL-1β, E IL-6, and F Ikbkb. Relative normalized expression levels are shown as fold-change compared to a reference sample (Ref), which was a homogenate of hypothalamic samples collected from five 3-month-old wild-type mice. n = 3–6/group. *p < 0.05 vs. opposite sex of same age; **p < 0.01 vs. opposite sex of same age; ^ = p < 0.05 vs. same-sex 3 month; ^^ = p < 0.01 vs. same-sex 3 month. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Iba1 = ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1, GFAP = glial fibrillary acidic protein, TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-1β = interleukin-1 beta; IL6 = interleukin-6, Ikbkb = inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta