Coronary artery calcification and aortic valve calcification in patients with kidney failure: a sex-disaggregated study

Ward, Liam J.; Laucyte-Cibulskiene, Agne; Hernandez, Leah; Ripsweden, Jonaz; Stenvinkel, Peter; Kublickiene, Karolina

doi:10.1186/s13293-023-00530-x

Table 2 Sex-divided, age-adjusted, gamma regression models showing significant associations of coronary artery calcification (CAC) with comorbidities, inflammation, and oxidative stress markers in patients with kidney failure (KF)

From: Coronary artery calcification and aortic valve calcification in patients with kidney failure: a sex-disaggregated study

CAC score	Males (n = 214)			Females (n = 107)
CAC score	Estimate	95% CI	p-value	Estimate	95% CI	p-value
Age^†	18.62	14.51–22.73	< 0.001	11.27	6.72–15.82	< 0.001
Body mass index, kg/m²	-0.02	− 0.41–0.37	0.918	− 3.58	− 5.70 to − 1.46	0.001
SBP, mmHg	0.001	− 0.05–0.06	0.959	− 0.35	− 0.54 to − 0.15	0.001
CVD, yes	1143.3	204.6–2081.9	0.018	805.21	− 1807.5–3418.0	0.548
DM, yes	1188.7	286.6–2090.8	0.011	874.84	− 671.2–2420.8	0.270
Renal replacement therapy	0.05	− 2.54–2.64	0.968	12.52	5.46–19.59	0.001
eGFR, ml/min/1.73²	− 0.002	− 0.51–0.51	0.993	− 2.005	− 3.37 to − 0.64	0.006
Malnutrition, SGA > 1	0.01	− 2.40 to − 2.42	0.995	− 11.48	− 17.86 to − 5.10	0.001
ACE-inhibitors/ARBs	− 0.02	− 2.71–2.67	0.988	− 8.49	− 14.29 to − 2.68	0.005
Beta-blockers	− 0.00	− 2.69–2.69	0.999	8.49	2.72–14.26	0.005
Statins	− 135.18	− 170.55 to − 99.81	< 0.001	155.33	− 170.18–480.83	0.352
Cholesterol, mmol/L	− 13.14	− 16.27 to − 10.00	< 0.001	6.18	2.08–10.28	0.004
HDL, mmol/L	0.02	− 2.36–2.40	0.988	55.99	22.54–89.43	0.001
Triglycerides, mmol/L	0.04	− 1.91–2.00	0.966	− 44.21	− 67.61 to − 20.82	< 0.001
Lipoprotein(a), mmol/L	− 0.00	− 0.01–0.01	0.999	0.09	0.02–0.16	0.012
Apolipoprotein-A1, g/L	− 0.05	− 4.09–4.00	0.982	156.64	89.13–224.14	< 0.001
Apolipoprotein-B, g/L	− 0.73	− 8.11–6.65	0.847	19.11	7.05–31.18	0.003
Creatinine, µmol/L	− 0.00	− 0.01–0.01	0.999	0.04	0.02–0.06	0.001
Albumin, g/L	0.01	− 0.48–0.50	0.962	− 1.33	− 2.22 to − 0.44	0.004
Haemoglobin, g/L	0.00	− 0.08–0.08	0.994	− 2.50	− 3.99 to − 1.01	0.001
HbA1c, mmol/mol	0.00	− 0.13–0.13	1.000	0.72	0.28–1.16	0.002
hs-CRP, mg/L	0.09	− 2.32–2.50	0.942	6.24	1.99–10.49	0.005
TNF, pg/mL	0.02	− 0.43–0.47	0.948	1.16	0.41–1.91	0.004
IL-6, pg/mL	68.39	0.48–136.29	0.052	3.73	1.13–5.62	0.005
AGE, skin AF	16.03	5.21–26.84	0.005	221.21	13.78–428.64	0.042
Homocysteine, µmol/L	− 0.22	− 0.33 to − 0.12	< 0.001	− 0.32	− 0.60 to − 0.03	0.034
GDF-15, ng/mL	0.03	− 1.26–1.33	0.960	− 1.61	− 2.84 to − 0.38	0.013
MMP-9, ng/mL	− 0.00	− 0.00–0.00	0.996	0.02	0.01–0.04	0.014
YKL-40, ng/mL	0.00	− 0.05–0.05	0.979	− 0.28	− 0.51 to − 0.05	0.021

Each predictor was modelled separately together with age as a covariate
Bold p-values signify significance.
ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme, AF autofluorescence, AGE advanced glycation end-products, ARB angiotensin receptor-blockers, AVC aortic valve calcification, CAC coronary artery calcification, CVD cardiovascular disease, DM diabetes mellitus, hsCRP high sensitivity C-reactive protein, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration, GDF-15 growth differentiation factor 15, HbA1c glycated haemoglobin, HDL high-density lipoprotein, IL-6 interleukin-6, MMP-9 matrix metalloproteinase 9, SBP systolic blood pressure, SGA subjective global assessment, TNF tumour necrosis factor, YKL-40 chitinase-3-like protein 1
^†Gamma regression (identity link) model with age alone given as a reference

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