Table 1 Clinical, laboratory, and imaging characteristics of the study population of patients with kidney failure stratified by sex

Clinical data

 Age, years

52 (41–65)

55 (45–64)

 Body mass index, kg/m²

25.1 (23.0–27.8), n = 211

24.4 (21.4–28.0), n = 105

 Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

143 (128- 160), n = 203

138 (125–153), n = 101

 Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

87 (79–95), n = 203

86 (78–94), n = 105

 Cardiovascular disease

36 (27%), n = 135

4 (5.6%), n = 71

 Diabetes mellitus

32 (19%), n = 172

14 (16%), n = 90

 Renal replacement therapy (RRT)

92 (45%), n = 201

40 (38%), n = 105

  Haemodialysis

31 (34% of RRT)

10 (25% of RRT)

  Peritoneal dialysis

44 (48% of RRT)

28 (70% of RRT)

  Other (incl. Tx)

17 (18% of RRT)

2 (5% of RRT)

 Vintage, years

1.1 (0.5–3.0), n = 41

1.0 (0.8–2.0), n = 19

 eGFR, ml/min/1.73²

6.21 (5.19–8.57), n = 110

6.51 (4.64–8.40), n = 57

 Smoking

10 (8.7%), n = 115

4 (6.2%), n = 65

 Malnutrition, SGA > 1

63 (32%), n = 199

45 (44%), n = 103

Medications at cohort entry

 ACE-inhibitors/ARBs

124 (67%), n = 186

58 (65%), n = 89

 Beta-blockers

129 (69%), n = 186

48 (54%), n = 89

 Ca²⁺ channel blockers

123 (66%), n = 186

49 (55%), n = 89

 Statins

74 (40%), n = 186

31 (35%), n = 89

Biochemicals

 Cholesterol, mmol/L

4.3 (3.6–4.9), n = 213

4.8 (4.0–5.6), n = 104

 HDL, mmol/L

1.2 (1.0–1.5), n = 213

1.5 (1.2–1.7), n = 104

 Triglycerides, mmol/L

1.5 (1.1–2.0), n = 213

1.6 (1.2–2.2), n = 104

 Lipoprotein(a), mmol/L

79.5 (30.5–204.3), n = 156

123.0 (46.3–421.8), n = 82

 Apolipoprotein-A1, g/L

1.32 (1.14–1.52), n = 211

1.52 (1.36–1.71), n = 105

 Apolipoprotein-B, g/L

0.83 (0.66–1.00), n = 211

0.89 (0.72–1.07), n = 105

 Creatinine, µmol/L

757 (622–911), n = 213

629 (509–740), n = 105

 Albumin, g/L

35.0 (31.0–38.0), n = 212

33.0 (30.8–36.0), n = 104

 Haemoglobin, g/L

113.0 (103.5–120.0), n = 147

112.0 (101.8–120.0), n = 84

 HbA1c, mmol/mol

33.0 (28.0–38.0), n = 205

34.0 (28.0–38.0), n = 104

 Calcium, mmol/L

2.3 (2.2–2.4), n = 212

2.3 (2.2–2.4), n = 105

 Phosphate, mmol/L

1.8 (1.5–2.2), n = 212

1.7 (1.5–1.9), n = 105

 25-OH vitamin D, nmol/L

33.0 (14.0–53.5), n = 187

30.0 (12.0–54.3), n = 84

 1,25 vitamin D, pmol/L

17.0 (12–23.5), n = 84

17.0 (14.3–22.8), n = 46

 hs-CRP, mg/L

1.2 (0.6–3.6), n = 181

1.2 (0.5–3.5), n = 88

 TNF, pg/mL

12.1 (9.3–16.5), n = 88

12.4 (10.1–16.2), n = 54

 IL-6, pg/mL

2.3 (1.0–6.4), n = 78

3.4 (1.4–7.4), n = 50

 AGE, skin AF

3.1 (2.5–3.5), n = 98

3.4 (2.8–4.0), n = 48

 Homocysteine, µmol/L

36.0 (28.3–50.8), n = 110

29.0 (22.8–40.3), n = 44

 GDF-15, ng/mL

4.3 (2.9–5.2), n = 118

4.4 (3.3–5.2), n = 62

 MMP-9, ng/mL

381.1 (244.2–574.8), n = 116

363.3 (229.5–641.1), n = 62

 YKL-40, ng/mL

108.3 (77.5–161.0), n = 117

119.8 (89.6–184.6), n = 60

Imaging markers

 CAC score, AU (ln + 1)

4.16 (0.00–6.88), n = 212

3.86 (0.00–5.94)

 AVC score, AU (ln + 1)

0.00 (0.00–0.69), n = 209

0.00 (0.00–0.00)

Follow-up, 5 years

All-cause mortality

20 (11%), n = 177

11 (12%), n = 92