Table 3 Sex-related differences in selected echocardiography parameters and molecular markers related to myocardial remodeling assessed in left ventricle in male and female pigs with and without tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy (the results of the two-way ANOVA)

LVEF (%)

0.85 0.36

9.59 < 0.001

1.06 0.38

LVEDV (ml)

6.61 0.02

8.04 < 0.001

2.51 0.08

LVEDV, relative increase (%)

0.26 0.61

3.83 0.019

1.74 0.18

LA/Ao

0.00 0.95

14.79 < 0.001

1.71 0.18

RWTd

0.94 0.34

3.59 0.02

0.64 0.59

Em/Am

0.11 0.74

0.20 0.89

0.25 0.86

BNP, mRNA (AU)

7.16 0.01

3.36 0.03

2.07 0.12

GATA4, mRNA (AU)

5.29 0.03

1.22 0.32

1.04 0.39

TGF-β1, mRNA (AU)

3.43 0.07

0.88 0.46

0.70 0.56

MMP9, mRNA (AU)

0.06 0.81

2.49 0.08

1.81 0.16

TIMP1, mRNA (AU)

0.68 0.42

1.59 0.21

0.74 0.53

NGAL, mRNA (AU)

4.65 0.04

1.00 0.40

1.65 0.20

Col1A1, mRNA (AU)

3.54 0.07

2.67 0.06

0.72 0.55

Col1A2, mRNA (AU)

5.43 0.03

2.51 0.08

1.42 0.26

Col3A1, mRNA (AU)

0.22 0.65

3.68 0.02

0.48 0.70

Water soluble collagen (μg/mg wet tissue)

5.22 0.03

2.59 0.08

0.76 0.53

Total recoverable collagen (μg/mg wet tissue)

0.63 0.43

0.78 0.51

1.59 0.21

Total gelatinolytic activity (AU)

15.59 0.001

1.02 0.40

0.46 0.71

Cross-sectional cardiomyocyte diameter (μm)

5.84 0.02

0.17 0.92

1.78 0.34