From: Sex and inflammation in respiratory diseases: a clinical viewpoint
Disease | Number of patients | Age of patients | Significance | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Acute diseases (higher in males) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Hyaline membrane disease | 54,064 | Premature newborns | Ratio 1.76:1 | [12] |
  Meconium aspiration | 21,472 | Newborns | P < 0.02 | [13] |
  Mortality and morbidity of hospitalized children | Nearly 500,000 | Children | P < 0.001 | [18] |
  Severe sepsis in children | 1,586,253 | Children | P < 0.001 | [19] |
  Pediatric hospital admissions | 92,332 | Children | Males 59% | [20] |
  Acute respiratory failure after bone marrow transplantation | 318 | Children | P < 0.04 | [21] |
  Tuberculosis in Bangladesh | 266,189 | Adults | Ratio M/F, 1:0.33 | [15] |
  Tuberculosis in India | 90,000 | Adults | P < 0.05 | [16] |
  Community-acquired pneumonia | 2-year prospective study | Adults | P < 0.0001 | [22] |
  Acute respiratory distress syndrome | 333,004 | Adults | P < 0.01 | [23] |
  Post-injury pneumonia | 30,288 | More than 65 years | P < 0.001 | [1] |
  Hospitalized community-acquired pneumonia | 623,718 | More than 65 years | P < 0.001 | [24] |
  In-hospital community-acquired pneumonia (elderly) | 717 | More than 65 years | P < 0.02 | [25] |
  Australian seniors with chronic respiratory disease | 108,312 | More than 65 years | P < 0.0003 | [26] |
  Mycoplasma respiratory disease (mice) | 55 | Adult animals | P < 0.001 | [27] |
Chronic respiratory diseases (poorer prognosis in females) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
  Chronic inflammatory diseases (children) | 149 children | Children | P < 0.01 | [28] |
  Asthma in adolescents (sex ratio in severe asthma 5 F/1 M) | 2,693 | Adolescents | Ratio 1.85:1 | [29] |
  Chronic pulmonary diseases (females smokers) | Meta-analysis (55,709) | Adults | P < 0.008 | [30] |
  HIV-related pneumocystis pneumonia | 3,070 | Adults | P < 0.001 | [31] |
  Cystic fibrosis | 21,047 | 1 to 20 years: females 60% more likely to die, outside same risk | P < 0.001 | [32] |
  Asthma | 3,013 | 5 to 62 years | P < 0.01 | [33] |
  Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) emergencies | 794 | Adults | P < 0.01 | [34] |
  COPD | Clinical commentary | Adults | More females than males | [35] |