From: Sex, stress, and epigenetics: regulation of behavior in animal models of mood disorders
Stressor | Sex | Behavioral | Physiological | Epigenetic modifications |
---|---|---|---|---|
 |  | effects | effects |  |
Paternal Stress | Male and female | · Pro-depressant behavior in FST (both sexes) [53] | · Increased basal CORT (males) [53] | · Hypothesized but not examined. |
 |  | · Decreased sucrose preference (males) [53] | · Decreased VEGF (males) [53] |  |
 |  | · Increased anxiety like behavior (both sexes) [53] |  |  |
 |  | · Increased locomotor activity (males) [53] |  |  |
 |  | · Increased social avoidance (males) [53] |  |  |
Gestational stress (PND 1-7) | Male and female | · Pro-depressant behavior in TST (males F1 [46] and F2 generation [32]) | · Increased CORT response to stress (males-F1) [46] | · Decreased methylation of CRF promoter region [46] |
 |  | · Pro-depressant behavior in FST [46] (males) | · Increased CRF expression in central amygdala [46] | · Increased methylation in GR promoter region [46] |
 |  | · Altered navigation strategy for Barnes maze [48] | · Decreased GR in regions of hippocampus [46] | · Dysmasculinzed HDAC expression [32] |
Early life stress (extended separation) | Male and female | · Pro-depressant behavior in FST [64] | · Increased HPA activity [64] | · Hypomethylation of Avp in hypothalamus. [64] |
 |  | · Decreased inhibitory avoidance [64] | · Decreased neurogenesis [67] | · Decreased MeCP2 binding in Avp enhancer [64] |
 |  | · Decreased spatial learning [65] |  | · Hypermethylation of Avp in hippocampus (males) [70] |
 |  |  |  | · Hypomethylation of NR4a1 in hippocampus (C57BL/6 males) [70] |
Repeated Social defeat stress | Male | · Social avoidance [47] | · Changes in dendritic spine morphology in NAc [47] | · Dnmt 3a expression increased in NAc [47] |
 |  | · Decreased sucrose preference [54] | · Increased CRF expression in PVN of susceptible mice [22] | · Over expression of Dnmt 3a induced pro-depressant behaviors [47] |
 |  | · Increased anxiety [54] | · Decreased Bdnf in hippocampus [74] | · Blocking DNA methylation was antidepressant [47] |
 |  | · Alterations in metabolic function [54] |  | · Decreased methylation of the CRF promoter in PVN [22] |
 |  |  |  | · Increased repressive histone marks on BDNF promoters [74] |
Sub chronic variable stress | Male and female | · Decreased sucrose preference (females) [56] | · Increased basal CORT (females) [56] | · Dnmt 3a, 3b and Dnmt1 expression increased in NAc [56] |
 |  | · Pro-depressant behavior in Splash test (females) [56] |  | · Altered in transcription for MBD proteins [56] |
 |  | · Decreased latency to eat in a novel environment (females) [56] |  | · Transcriptional and behavioral effects blocked by removal of Dnmt 3a (females) [56] |
 |  | · Pro-depressant behavior in FST (females) [56, 57] |  |  |