Fig. 4

Hive plots of emerging sex-biased protein–protein interaction networks across development stages in mouse and human. Sex-differentially expressed genes between sexes (sexDEGs) are mapped onto full protein–protein interaction networks constructed from expressed genes for each embryonic stage. The three pairs of axes correspond to the differential expression classes: (i) male-biased DEGs (axes 1a and 1b), (ii) female-biased DEGs (axes 2a and 2b, and (iii) non-DEGs (axes 3a and 3b. The additional axis of each pair was added to show the density of interactions within each class (i.e., male–male (blue), female–female (red), and nonDEG–nonDEG)