Demographics | Total population | Women | Men | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
n = 382 | n = 104 | n = 278 | ||
Age [mean (SD)] | 63.3 (13.1) | 61.6 (13.4) | 63.9 (13.0) | 0.138 |
Caucasian ethnicity (%) | 351 (92.6) | 96 (94.1) | 255 (92.1) | 0.647 |
Clinical characteristics | ||||
 Body mass index, kg/m2 [mean (SD)] | 27.2 (4.5) | 26.2 (4.6) | 27.6 (4.4) | 0.007 |
 Systolic blood pressure, mmHg [mean (SD)] | 115.3 (21.3) | 115.2 (22.2) | 115.3 (21.0) | 0.993 |
 Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg [mean (SD)] | 70.0 (10.5) | 70.1 (10.8) | 69.9 (10.5) | 0.900 |
Features of heart failure | ||||
 Duration of HF, years ǂ | 4.2 [1.6, 9.5] | 3.7 [1.3, 7.8] | 4.4 [1.7, 9.8] | 0.178 |
 NYHA class (%) |  |  |  | 0.740 |
  NYHA class I | 94 (24.7) | 25 (24.0) | 69 (25.0) |  |
  NYHA class II | 182 (47.9) | 53 (51.0) | 129 (46.7) |  |
  NYHA class III and IV | 104 (27.4) | 26 (25.0) | 78 (28.3) |  |
 LVEF [mean (SD)]* | 29.8 (10.3) | 31.2 (10.7) | 29.3 (10.1) | 0.164 |
Heart failure etiology | ||||
 Ischemic heart disease (% yes) | 166 (43.5) | 28 (26.9) | 138 (49.6) | < 0.001 |
 Cardiomyopathy (% yes) | 122 (31.9) | 37 (35.6) | 85 (30.6) | 0.418 |
 Hypertension (% yes) | 33 (8.6) | 13 (12.5) | 20 (7.2) | 0.150 |
 Secondary to valvular heart disease (% yes) | 12 (3.1) | 5 (4.8) | 7 (2.5) | 0.321 |
 Other etiology (% yes) | 26 (6.8) | 11 (10.6) | 15 (5.4) | 0.118 |
 Unknown etiology (% yes) | 27 (7.1) | 10 (9.6) | 14 (5.0) | 0.160 |
Established biomarker levels | ||||
 NT-proBNP (pmol/L)ǂ | 145.0 [54.7, 289.0] | 128.2 [53.6, 262.2] | 165.0 [58.0, 292.9] | 0.396 |
 Hs-TnT (ng/L)ǂ | 18.0 [10.3, 34.0] | 13.5 [7.4, 27.6] | 20.0 [12.0, 39.0] | < 0.001 |
 CRP (mg/L)ǂ | 2.0 [0.9, 4.7] | 2.2 [0.9, 4.6] | 2.0 [1.0, 4.7] | 0.633 |
Medical history | ||||
 Myocardial infarction (% yes) | 145 (38.5) | 25 (24.5) | 120 (43.6) | 0.001 |
 PCI (% yes) | 126 (33.0) | 21 (20.2) | 105 (37.8) | 0.002 |
 CABG (% yes) | 54 (14.1) | 7 (6.7) | 47 (16.9) | 0.018 |
 Atrial fibrillation (% yes) | 137 (36.3) | 27 (26.2) | 110 (40.1) | 0.017 |
 CRT (% yes) | 113 (29.7) | 28 (27.2) | 85 (30.6) | 0.605 |
 Pacemaker (% yes) | 85 (23.0) | 22 (21.8) | 63 (23.5) | 0.832 |
 Chronic renal failure (% yes) | 181 (47.6) | 52 (50.0) | 129 (46.7) | 0.651 |
 Diabetes mellitus (% yes) | 98 (25.7) | 26 (25.0) | 72 (25.9) | 0.962 |
 Hypercholesterolemia (% yes) | 160 (42.9) | 34 (32.7) | 126 (46.8) | 0.018 |
 COPD (% yes) | 50 (13.3) | 12 (11.9) | 38 (13.8) | 0.750 |
Intoxications | ||||
 Smoking (%) |  |  |  | 0.016 |
  Never | 109 (28.7) | 38 (36.5) | 71 (25.7) |  |
  Current | 37 (9.7) | 14 (13.5) | 23 (8.3) |  |
  Former (> 30 days) | 234 (61.6) | 52 (50.0) | 182 (65.9) |  |
Medication use | ||||
 Beta blockers (% yes) | 350 (91.9) | 94 (90.4) | 256 (92.4) | 0.662 |
 ACE-I (% yes) | 258 (67.7) | 72 (69.2) | 186 (67.1) | 0.792 |
 ARB (% yes) | 107 (28.0) | 29 (27.9) | 78 (28.1) | 1.000 |
 Aldosterone antagonist (% yes) | 293 (76.7) | 82 (78.8) | 211 (75.9) | 0.638 |
 Loop diuretics (% yes) | 353 (92.4) | 98 (94.2) | 255 (91.7) | 0.545 |
 Thiazide diuretics (% yes) | 12 (3.1) | 1 (1.0) | 11 (4.0) | 0.193 |
 Aspirin (% yes) | 77 (20.2) | 21 (20.2) | 56 (20.2) | 1.000 |
 Anticoagulants (% yes) | 279 (73.0) | 71 (68.3) | 208 (74.8) | 0.248 |
MAGGIC risk score | ||||
 MAGGIC risk score [mean (SD)] | 20.3 (7.2) | 18.4 (7.8) | 21.0 (6.8) | 0.001 |