Table 1 Summary of metabolic phenotypes between males and females and sexual dimorphism

Body weight gain

–

↓

–

↓

Cumulative food intake

–

–

–

↓

*

Food intake induced by fast

–

↓

–

↓

Food intake induced by ghrelin

–

↓

↓

↓↓

*

Energy expenditure

–

↑

–

–

*

BAT temperature

–

↑

↑

–

*

BAT tissue

–

↓

–

↓

Lipid droplet area

–

↓

–

↓

Thermogenic gene expression in BAT

–

↑

–

↑

UCP1 protein

–

↑

–

↑

gWAT tissue

–

↓

–

↓

adipocyte size of gWAT

–

↓

–

↓

adipocyte size of iWAT

–

↓

–

↓

TG and NEFAs

–

↓

–

↓

Leptin

–

–

–

–

UCP1 gene expression in iWAT

–

↑↑

–

↑

Urine output

–

↑

–

↑

Urine osmolality under water ad libitum

–

nd

–

↓

Water intake

–

↑

–

↑

Plasma osmolality

–

–

–

–

Vasopressin

–

↓

↑

↓

*

Renin

–

↑

–

↑

Angiotensin II

–

↑

–

↑

Aldosterone

–

↑

–

↑

Systolic blood pressure

–

↑

–

↑

GTT (AUC)

–

–

–

↓

*

ITT

–

–

–

–

Fasted insulin

–

–

–

–

Urine glucose

–

–

–

–

Liver weight

–

–

–

–

Cpt1a liver expression

–

↑

–

↑

Ucp2, Pepck and G6pc

–

–

–

↑

*

Mitochondrial content

–

↓

–

↓

Agrp, Slc17ab and Dlg4 gene expresion in AgRP neurons

–

↓

–

–

*

17β-Estradiol

–

–

Testosterone

–

↓