Skip to main content

Table 1 Participant characteristics overall and by maternal ACE group

From: Maternal adverse childhood experiences impact fetal adrenal volume in a sex-specific manner

 

N with data

Overall (N = 147)

Low ACE (N = 71)

High ACE (N = 76)

P-value

Maternal demographics

     

 Maternal age

147

28.4 (5.3)

28.7 (5.0)

28.1 (5.5)

.480

 BMI

143

   

.012

  Normal/underweight

 

72 (49%)

43 (60.6%)

29 (38.2%)

 

  Overweight/obese

 

71 (48.3%)

27 (38%)

44 (57.9%)

 

  Missing

 

4 (2.7%)

1 (1.4%)

3 (3.9%)

 

 Race

147

   

.032

  African American/Black

 

72 (49.0%)

28 (39.4%)

44 (57.9%)

 

  Caucasian/other

 

75 (51.0%)

43 (60.6%)

32 (42.1%)

 

 Ethnicity

147

   

1

  Non-Hispanic/unknown

 

136 (92.5%)

66 (93.0%)

70 (92.1%)

 

  Hispanic

 

11 (7.5%)

5 (7.0%)

6 (7.9%)

 

 Marital status

147

   

.008

  Married/domestic partner

 

76 (51.7%)

45 (63.4%)

31 (40.8%)

 

  Single/divorced

 

71 (48.3%)

26 (36.6%)

45 (59.2%)

 

 Education

147

   

.001

  High school education or less

 

37 (25.2%)

14 (19.7%)

23 (30.3%)

 

  Some education after high school

 

40 (27.2%)

12 (16.9%)

28 (36.8%)

 

  College degree or more

 

70 (47.6%)

45 (63.4%)

25 (32.9%)

 

 Income

145

   

 < .001

  $25K or less

 

52 (35.4%)

20 (28.2%)

32 (42.1%)

 

  $25K to $75K

 

38 (25.9%)

11 (15.5%)

27 (35.5%)

 

  $75K or more

 

55 (37.4%)

38 (53.5%)

17 (22.4%)

 

 Parity

120

0.7 (0.9)

0.6 (0.7)

0.8 (1.0)

.175

Maternal psychological measures

     

 Baseline PSS score

145

14.0 (6.3)

13.7 (5.7)

14.3 (6.8)

.562

 Ultrasound 1 PSS score

144

10.8 (6.7)

10.6 (6.0)

11.6 (7.1)

.148

 Ultrasound 2 PSS score

143

10.0 (6.8)

9.7 (6.8)

10.4 (6.9)

.504

 Baseline EPDS score

146

4.4 (4.1)

3.7 (3.3)

5.2 (4.6)

.023

 Baseline STAI state score

147

28.9 (9.4)

30.2 (10.3)

27.5 (8.2)

.080

 Baseline STAI trait score

147

31.6 (8.4)

33.2 (9.7)

29.9 (6.4)

.016

Offspring demographics

     

 Offspring sex

147

   

.070

  Male

 

78 (53.1%)

32 (45.1%)

46 (60.5%)

 

  Female

 

69 (46.9%)

39 (54.9%)

30 (39.5%)

 

 Gestational age (weeks)

     

  Ultrasound 1

142

21.5 (1.4)

21.8 (1.4)

21.3 (1.4)

.039

  Ultrasound 2

141

29.5 (1.4)

29.8 (1.3)

29.2 (1.4)

.018

 Birthweight (g)

115

3270 (515)

3220 (557)

3317 (471)

.317

  1. Maternal and offspring characteristics for women who had at least one ultrasound measuring fetal adrenal volume. Continuous variables are summarized with means and standard deviations, and differences between maternal ACE groups are tested using two-sample t-tests. Categorical variables are summarized with frequencies and percentages, and differences between maternal ACE groups are tested using Fisher’s exact tests. Tests with significant p-values are bolded. Values are summarized overall and stratified by maternal adverse childhood experiences (ACE) group: low = 0–1 ACEs; high = 2 + ACEs. PSS = Perceived Stress Scale; EPDS = Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; STAI = State-Trait Anxiety Inventory