From: Maternal adverse childhood experiences impact fetal adrenal volume in a sex-specific manner
 | N with data | Overall (N = 147) | Low ACE (N = 71) | High ACE (N = 76) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maternal demographics | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Maternal age | 147 | 28.4 (5.3) | 28.7 (5.0) | 28.1 (5.5) | .480 |
 BMI | 143 |  |  |  | .012 |
  Normal/underweight |  | 72 (49%) | 43 (60.6%) | 29 (38.2%) |  |
  Overweight/obese |  | 71 (48.3%) | 27 (38%) | 44 (57.9%) |  |
  Missing |  | 4 (2.7%) | 1 (1.4%) | 3 (3.9%) |  |
 Race | 147 |  |  |  | .032 |
  African American/Black |  | 72 (49.0%) | 28 (39.4%) | 44 (57.9%) |  |
  Caucasian/other |  | 75 (51.0%) | 43 (60.6%) | 32 (42.1%) |  |
 Ethnicity | 147 |  |  |  | 1 |
  Non-Hispanic/unknown |  | 136 (92.5%) | 66 (93.0%) | 70 (92.1%) |  |
  Hispanic |  | 11 (7.5%) | 5 (7.0%) | 6 (7.9%) |  |
 Marital status | 147 |  |  |  | .008 |
  Married/domestic partner |  | 76 (51.7%) | 45 (63.4%) | 31 (40.8%) |  |
  Single/divorced |  | 71 (48.3%) | 26 (36.6%) | 45 (59.2%) |  |
 Education | 147 |  |  |  | .001 |
  High school education or less |  | 37 (25.2%) | 14 (19.7%) | 23 (30.3%) |  |
  Some education after high school |  | 40 (27.2%) | 12 (16.9%) | 28 (36.8%) |  |
  College degree or more |  | 70 (47.6%) | 45 (63.4%) | 25 (32.9%) |  |
 Income | 145 |  |  |  |  < .001 |
  $25K or less |  | 52 (35.4%) | 20 (28.2%) | 32 (42.1%) |  |
  $25K to $75K |  | 38 (25.9%) | 11 (15.5%) | 27 (35.5%) |  |
  $75K or more |  | 55 (37.4%) | 38 (53.5%) | 17 (22.4%) |  |
 Parity | 120 | 0.7 (0.9) | 0.6 (0.7) | 0.8 (1.0) | .175 |
Maternal psychological measures | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Baseline PSS score | 145 | 14.0 (6.3) | 13.7 (5.7) | 14.3 (6.8) | .562 |
 Ultrasound 1 PSS score | 144 | 10.8 (6.7) | 10.6 (6.0) | 11.6 (7.1) | .148 |
 Ultrasound 2 PSS score | 143 | 10.0 (6.8) | 9.7 (6.8) | 10.4 (6.9) | .504 |
 Baseline EPDS score | 146 | 4.4 (4.1) | 3.7 (3.3) | 5.2 (4.6) | .023 |
 Baseline STAI state score | 147 | 28.9 (9.4) | 30.2 (10.3) | 27.5 (8.2) | .080 |
 Baseline STAI trait score | 147 | 31.6 (8.4) | 33.2 (9.7) | 29.9 (6.4) | .016 |
Offspring demographics | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Offspring sex | 147 |  |  |  | .070 |
  Male |  | 78 (53.1%) | 32 (45.1%) | 46 (60.5%) |  |
  Female |  | 69 (46.9%) | 39 (54.9%) | 30 (39.5%) |  |
 Gestational age (weeks) |  |  |  |  |  |
  Ultrasound 1 | 142 | 21.5 (1.4) | 21.8 (1.4) | 21.3 (1.4) | .039 |
  Ultrasound 2 | 141 | 29.5 (1.4) | 29.8 (1.3) | 29.2 (1.4) | .018 |
 Birthweight (g) | 115 | 3270 (515) | 3220 (557) | 3317 (471) | .317 |