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Table 1 Summary of the influence of elevated (↑) and decreased (↓) values of the sex hormones testosterone (T) and estradiol (E) on obesity, metabolic syndrome (MetS), and type 2 diabetes (T2D)

From: Interaction between gut microbiota and sex hormones and their relation to sexual dimorphism in metabolic diseases

 

Men

Women

↑T

Reduction of central obesity

Decrease in visceral fat

Increase in central obesity

Increase in MetS

Increase in T2D

↓T

Increased fat mass (subcutaneous fat accumulation, not intra-abdominal fat accumulation)

Increased adiposity (preferential accumulation of visceral abdominal fat) (ageing)

Increased MetS

Increased T2D

 

↑E

 

Increased T2D (non-physiological value)a

↓E

 

Increase in central obesity

Increased MetS

Increase in T2D (non-physiological value)a

  1. aA non-physiological value of estradiol (increased or decreased) would be responsible for the same effect, the increased risk of developing T2D