Skip to main content

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study participants

From: Sex modifies the association between urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio and diabetes among adults in the United States (NHANES 2011–2018)

Characteristicsa

Males

P valueb

Females

P valuec

uACR (mg/g)d tertiles

uACR (mg/g)d tertiles

Tertiles 1

Tertile 2

Tertile 3

Tertiles 1

Tertile 2

Tertile 3

uACR range

< 4

4–8

≥ 8

 

< 6

6–11

≥ 11

 

N

946

945

946

 

823

823

824

 

Age, years

40.70 ± 15.42

45.79 ± 17.06

54.30 ± 17.10

< 0.001

41.77 ± 15.27

45.82 ± 17.11

49.60 ± 18.37

< 0.001

Race

   

0.011

   

0.002

 Non-Hispanic White, %

390 (41.23%)

419 (44.34%)

388 (41.01%)

 

335 (40.70%)

362 (43.99%)

356 (43.20%)

 

 Non-Hispanic Black, %

191 (20.19%)

152 (16.08%)

202 (21.35%)

 

221 (26.85%)

151 (18.35%)

179 (21.72%)

 

 Mexican American, %

119 (12.58%)

127 (13.44%)

146 (15.43%)

 

85 (10.33%)

112 (13.61%)

96 (11.65%)

 

 Other Hispanic, %

86 (9.09%)

91 (9.63%)

92 (9.73%)

 

72 (8.75%)

81 (9.84%)

96 (11.65%)

 

 Other races, %

160 (16.91%)

156 (16.51%)

118 (12.47%)

 

110 (13.37%)

117 (14.22%)

97 (11.77%)

 

BMI, kg/m2

28.20 ± 5.37

28.00 ± 5.90

29.46 ± 6.98

< 0.001

29.72 ± 7.83

29.38 ± 7.63

29.51 ± 8.42

0.690

SBP, mmHg

119.30 ± 12.97

123.32 ± 14.47

131.64 ± 19.40

< 0.001

114.89 ± 13.79

119.09 ± 16.52

125.64 ± 21.49

< 0.001

DBP, mmHg

70.26 ± 10.78

71.35 ± 11.81

72.87 ± 13.04

< 0.001

67.70 ± 9.81

69.14 ± 10.96

70.07 ± 12.50

< 0.001

Poverty income ratio

2.70 ± 1.67

2.78 ± 1.69

2.52 ± 1.59

0.002

2.77 ± 1.69

2.68 ± 1.66

2.49 ± 1.62

0.002

Current smoking, %

221 (23.36%)

234 (24.76%)

271 (28.65%)

< 0.001

149 (18.10%)

135 (16.40%)

172 (20.87%)

0.026

Alcohol intake, drinks per day

3.12 ± 2.62

3.23 ± 3.63

3.21 ± 2.87

0.699

2.13 ± 1.57

2.04 ± 1.49

2.09 ± 1.74

0.483

FPG, mg/dL

102.35 ± 18.59

106.27 ± 23.05

123.83 ± 48.97

< 0.001

100.09 ± 23.55

102.07 ± 22.94

112.78 ± 42.19

< 0.001

TC, mg/dL

112.42 ± 67.91

117.22 ± 68.26

126.29 ± 72.45

< 0.001

93.25 ± 55.03

99.22 ± 56.53

107.69 ± 64.27

< 0.001

TG, mg/dL

184.66 ± 38.94

187.17 ± 38.39

184.36 ± 42.18

0.244

189.70 ± 39.42

190.85 ± 38.36

193.38 ± 42.29

0.163

HDL-C, mg/dL

49.48 ± 12.75

50.38 ± 14.30

50.15 ± 15.71

0.363

60.25 ± 16.12

60.17 ± 17.24

60.03 ± 18.59

0.967

LDL-C, mg/dL

112.69 ± 33.89

113.34 ± 34.30

108.96 ± 36.98

0.014

110.81 ± 34.41

110.84 ± 32.77

111.80 ± 36.36

0.803

eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2

97.93 ± 18.30

98.47 ± 20.08

90.76 ± 24.78

< 0.001

100.91 ± 20.92

100.80 ± 22.25

97.41 ± 24.97

0.002

Diabetes

62 (6.55%)

116 (12.28%)

306 (32.35%)

< 0.001

66 (8.02%)

93 (11.30%)

175 (21.24%)

< 0.001

Hypertension

247 (26.11%)

341 (36.08%)

563 (59.51%)

< 0.001

215 (26.12%)

293 (35.60%)

406 (49.27%)

< 0.001

Antihypertensive drugs

26 (2.75%)

45 (4.76%)

70 (7.40%)

< 0.001

33 (4.01%)

54 (6.56%)

57 (6.92%)

< 0.001

Lipoprotein-lowering drugs

120 (12.68%)

167 (17.67%)

296 (31.29%)

< 0.001

85 (10.33%)

135 (16.40%)

180 (21.84%)

< 0.001

  1. BMI body mass index, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, FPG fasting plasma glucose, TC total cholesterol, TG triglycerides, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate
  2. aData are presented as number (%) or mean ± standard deviation
  3. bComparisons among uACR tertiles in participants with Male
  4. cComparisons among uACR tertiles in participants with Female
  5. duACR value was log10-transformed
Back to article page

Biology of Sex Differences

ISSN: 2042-6410

Contact us