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Table 2 Relationship of glucosamine uses with risk of incident gout

From: Associations of habitual glucosamine supplementation with incident gout: a large population based cohort study

 

Total population

Females

Males

Glucosamine non-users

Glucosamine users

Glucosamine non-users

Glucosamine users

Glucosamine non-users

Glucosamine users

Total

352,476

84,118

188,576

53,433

163,900

30,685

No of events

6156

1247

1375

343

4781

904

Incidence rates*

1.5

1.3

0.6

0.5

2.5

2.5

Crude model

ref

0.84(0.79, 0.90)

ref

0.88(0.78, 0.99)

ref

1.01(0.94, 1.08)

Adjusted model 1

ref

0.87(0.81, 0.93)

ref

0.75(0.66, 0.85)

ref

0.92(0.85, 0.99)

Adjusted model 2

ref

0.97(0.91, 1.04)

ref

0.81(0.71, 0.92)

ref

1.05(0.97, 1.13)

Adjusted model 3

ref

0.97(0.91, 1.04)

ref

0.81(0.71, 0.92)

ref

1.05(0.97, 1.13)

  1. *Incidence rates per 1000 person years
  2. Adjusted Model 1: adjusted for age, sex (only for total population), race, Townsend Deprivation Index, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol consumption, healthy diet score, vitamin or mineral supplementation, fish oil supplementation, comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and joint pain), and drug use (cholesterol lowering medication, anti-hypertensive drug, insulin, aspirin, ibuprofen, paracetamol, and diuretics); adjusted model 2: adjusted for the covariates in Model 1 and further adjusted for estimated glomerular filtration rate and urate; adjusted model 3: adjusted for the covariates in Model 2 and further adjusted for gout genetic risk score