Fig. 1

The spatial patterning of neuroanatomical sex differences is largely reproducible across 3 large cohorts. Sex differences in regional gray matter volume (after brain size-correction) across 3 independent cohorts. A Results from the HCP cohort (N = 976) analyzed by Liu and colleagues [8]. B Results from the UKB subsample (N = 1120) analyzed by Liu and colleagues [8]. C Results from the SHIP cohort (N = 2838) analyzed by Lotze and colleagues [9]. D Conjunction map across 3 cohorts. Color encodes whether 1, 2 or 3 of these cohorts show overlapping statistically significant sex differences in regional GMV (cool colors, F > M, warm colors: M > F). Note the spatial nesting of colors (this is consistent with a core pattern of sex biases in regional GMV that is variably recovered by these three studies). E Map of inconsistencies across cohorts. Purple regions are those where any 2 of the 3 cohorts considered showed statistically significant regional GMV sex differences in opposite directions