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Table 4 Sex differences identified in the serum metabolome for AA

From: Sex differences in the human metabolome

 

Adults

Children

Infants

First author and year

Dunn W. B. 2014 [38]

Mittelstrass K. 2011 [24]

Ruoppolo M. 2014 [15]

Saito K. 2016 [58]

Lau C.-H. E. 2018 [54]

Caterino M. 2021 [36]

Ruoppolo M. 2015 [57]

Metabolite

AA and analogues

Alanine

     

F

F

Arginine

 

M

     

Asparagine

  

M

M

   

Aspartate

     

F

F

BCAA

  

M

M

  

F

Citrulline

  

M

M

 

F

F

Creatine

   

F

   

Creatinine

F

  

M

   

Cysteine

   

M

   

Glutamine

 

M

M

  

F

 

Glutamate

  

M

M

  

F

Glycine

 

F

   

F

F

Histidine

  

M

    

Lysine

   

M

F

  

Methionine

  

M

M

  

F

Methionine sulfoxide

F

      

Ornithine

 

M

 

M

F

 

F

Phenylalanine

   

M

  

F

Proline

  

M

M

   

Serine

 

F

  

F

  

Threonine

   

M

   

Tryptophan

  

F

M

   

Tyrosine

F

 

M

M

 

F

F

Putrescine

    

F

  

S-Adenosyl homocysteine

   

M

   

Serotonin

   

M

M

  

Caffeine

F

      
  1. M, higher levels of the identified metabolite in male individuals; F, higher levels of the identified metabolite in female individuals