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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of normal-weight hypertensive patients according to VAI

From: Visceral adiposity index and sex differences in relation to peripheral artery disease in normal-weight adults with hypertension

Variable

Ln VAI

P value

Quartile 1

Quartile 2

Quartile 3

Quartile 4

VAI range

 < 0.84

0.84 to < 1.36

1.36 to < 2.25

 ≥ 2.25

 

Participants

1654

1653

1654

1654

 

Males, N

1302 (78.72%)

839 (50.76%)

626 (37.85%)

428 (25.88%)

 < 0.001

Age, year

66.05 ± 8.45

65.67 ± 8.92

64.53 ± 8.82

63.12 ± 8.70

 < 0.001

BMI, kg/m2

21.47 ± 1.72

21.97 ± 1.74

22.35 ± 1.70

22.73 ± 1.56

 < 0.001

Current smoking

698 (42.20%)

471 (28.49%)

361 (21.83%)

312 (18.86%)

 < 0.001

Current drinking

661 (39.99%)

351 (21.23%)

306 (18.50%)

229 (13.85%)

 < 0.001

Education

    

0.948

 Less than high school

1059 (91.29%)

1107 (91.49%)

1165 (91.95%)

1258 (91.56%)

 

 At least high school

101 (8.71%)

103 (8.51%)

102 (8.05%)

116 (8.44%)

 

Physical activitya

    

 < 0.001

 Mild

581 (50.09%)

669 (55.29%)

726 (57.30%)

776 (56.48%)

 

 Moderate

279 (24.05%)

295 (24.38%)

276 (21.78%)

336 (24.45%)

 

 Vigorous

300 (25.86%)

246 (20.33%)

265 (20.92%)

262 (19.07%)

 

 SBP, mmHg

148.25 ± 18.34

149.21 ± 17.92

148.67 ± 18.07

148.86 ± 17.39

0.482

 DBP, mmHg

88.42 ± 10.79

88.42 ± 10.44

88.12 ± 10.35

88.75 ± 10.49

0.396

 Pulse rate, bpm

73.70 ± 14.97

75.31 ± 14.20

76.16 ± 13.76

78.06 ± 14.35

 < 0.001

 Hcy, μmol/L

18.91 ± 11.39

19.02 ± 12.44

17.79 ± 10.79

16.76 ± 8.67

 < 0.001

 FPG, mmol/L

5.85 ± 1.23

5.94 ± 1.27

6.06 ± 1.38

6.43 ± 1.85

 < 0.001

 TC, mmol/L

4.99 ± 1.03

5.10 ± 1.06

5.24 ± 1.12

5.19 ± 1.17

 < 0.001

 TG, mmol/L

0.84 ± 0.22

1.20 ± 0.28

1.63 ± 0.39

2.91 ± 1.53

 < 0.001

 HDL-C, mmol/L

1.97 ± 0.46

1.70 ± 0.38

1.54 ± 0.33

1.30 ± 0.30

 < 0.001

 LDL-C, mmol/L

2.64 ± 0.73

2.91 ± 0.76

3.12 ± 0.81

3.13 ± 0.80

 < 0.001

 eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2

88.50 ± 19.71

88.04 ± 19.63

88.25 ± 19.98

88.35 ± 20.72

0.927

 Serum aspartate aminotransferase, U/L

27.36 ± 10.54

25.71 ± 10.84

25.47 ± 13.76

25.65 ± 10.16

 < 0.001

 Serum alanine aminotransferase, U/L

17.53 ± 9.94

17.79 ± 11.84

18.40 ± 14.40

20.08 ± 13.07

 < 0.001

 Serum γ-glutamyltransferase, U/L

30.62 ± 47.38

26.32 ± 34.81

29.02 ± 38.05

35.10 ± 50.97

 < 0.001

 Diabetes mellitusb

167 (10.10%)

200 (12.10%)

259 (15.66%)

417 (25.21%)

 < 0.001

CHD

74 (4.47%)

88 (5.32%)

95 (5.74%)

80 (4.84%)

0.367

 Stroke

93 (5.62%)

108 (6.53%)

127 (7.68%)

111 (6.71%)

0.128

 PAD

47 (2.84%)

54 (3.27%)

66 (3.99%)

45 (2.72%)

0.153

 Antihypertensive drugs

1018 (61.55%)

1064 (64.37%)

1113 (67.29%)

1092 (66.02%)

0.004

 Lipoprotein-lowering drugs

32 (1.93%)

44 (2.66%)

60 (3.63%)

65 (3.93%)

0.003

 Glucose-lowering drugs

43 (2.60%)

58 (3.51%)

82 (4.96%)

111 (6.71%)

 < 0.001

  1. BMI body mass index; SBP systolic blood pressure; DBP diastolic blood pressure; Hcy homocysteine; FPG fasting plasma glucose; TC total cholesterol; TG triglycerides; HDL high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate; CHD coronary heart disease
  2. aPhysical activity was defined as mild, moderate, or vigorous according to the participant’s personal evaluation
  3. bDiabetes mellitus was defined as self-reported physician diagnosis of diabetes or FBG concentration ≥ 7.0 mmol/L or use of glucose-lowering drugs