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Table 2 Echocardiographic parameters

From: Exercise training worsens cardiac performance in males but does not change ejection fraction and improves hypertrophy in females in a mouse model of metabolic syndrome

Parameter (unit)

Sedentary

ET

SD/WT

HFD/APOB-100

SD/WT

HFD/APOB-100

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

Male

Female

PWTs (mm)

1.59 ± 0.09

1.32 ± 0.10

1.45 ± 0.10

1.48 ± 0.07

1.61 ± 0.13

1.69 ± 0.11#

1.46 ± 0.09

1.27 ± 0.07*

PWTd (mm)

1.33 ± 0.07

1.17 ± 0.17

1.15 ± 0.10

1.29 ± 0.06

1.4 ± 0.12

1.41 ± 0.11

1.23 ± 0.07

0.97 ± 0.05*

SWTs (mm)

1.57 ± 0.09

1.57 ± 0.13

1.37 ± 0.06

1.51 ± 0.07

1.59 ± 0.07

1.67 ± 0.09

1.49 ± 0.10

1.35 ± 0.03$*

SWTd (mm)

1.12 ± 0.09

1.27 ± 0.12

0.97 ± 0.03

1.13 ± 0.08

1.06 ± 0.05

1.21 ± 0.09

1.09 ± 0.07

0.94 ± 0.03*

AWTs (mm)

1.49 ± 0.06

1.54 ± 0.06

1.42 ± 0.04

1.65 ± 0.06$

1.48 ± 0.06

1.54 ± 0.08

1.27 ± 0.05*

1.3 ± 0.05*#

AWTd (mm)

1.05 ± 0.06

0.99 ± 0.07

1.02 ± 0.04

1.2 ± 0.04$*

1 ± 0.04

1.12 ± 0.10*

0.96 ± 0.04

0.9 ± 0.03*

IWTs (mm)

1.49 ± 0.10

1.24 ± 0.06$

1.32 ± 0.10

1.3 ± 0.09

1.6 ± 0.07

1.47 ± 0.10

1.29 ± 0.09*

1.4 ± 0.08

IWTd (mm)

1.21 ± 0.06

0.96 ± 0.08$

1.12 ± 0.09

1.1 ± 0.05

1.18 ± 0.06

1.26 ± 0.1#

1.09 ± 0.07

1.13 ± 0.07

LVEDD (mm)—long

3.66 ± 0.18

3.5 ± 0.21

4.04 ± 0.15

3.22 ± 0.16$

3.56 ± 0.16

3.2 ± 0.15

3.74 ± 0.11

3.42 ± 0.23

LVESD (mm)—long

2.33 ± 0.12

2.33 ± 0.25

2.76 ± 0.14*

2.04 ± 0.17$

2.03 ± 0.14

2.05 ± 0.19

2.65 ± 0.13*

2.51 ± 0.14

LVEDD (mm)—cross

3.92 ± 0.13

4.04 ± 0.19

3.8 ± 0.18

3.22 ± 0.10$*

3.72 ± 0.18

3.17 ± 0.13$#

3.51 ± 0.11

3.13 ± 0.16

LVESD (mm)—cross

2.59 ± 0.16

2.53 ± 0.21

2.57 ± 0.17

1.98 ± 0.10$*

2.09 ± 0.17

1.86 ± 0.11#

2.55 ± 0.11*

2.1 ± 0.16$

LVEDV (μL)

10.15 ± 0.72

6.92 ± 0.62$

8.17 ± 0.84

9.15 ± 0.86

13.09 ± 1.22#

9.2 ± 1.6

11.45 ± 1.10#

10.14 ± 1.23

LVESV (μL)

3.87 ± 0.27

3.11 ± 0.33

3.32 ± 0.56

3.68 ± 0.39

4.75 ± 0.44

4.38 ± 0.86

4.55 ± 0.43#

3.95 ± 0.32

MV E/A

2.3 ± 0.17

2.26 ± 0.41

2.13 ± 0.27

1.7 ± 0.28

1.7 ± 0.14

2.26 ± 0.27

1.9 ± 0.25

2.26 ± 0.29

MV E/e' septal

18.3 ± 1.1

15.3 ± 1.2

18.3 ± 1.6

13.9 ± 1.3$

16.1 ± 0.9

16.4 ± 0.9

17.2 ± 1.0

18.5 ± 1.1*#

IVRT (ms)

16.3 ± 1.3

17.7 ± 1.7

15.8 ± 0.1

15.9 ± 2.0

18 ± 0.8

16.5 ± 1.3

14.2 ± 0.9*

14.5 ± 0.6

  1. AWT, anterior wall thickness; CO, cardiac output; cross, cross-sectional; d, diastolic; E-wave, early ventricular filling velocity; e', e'-wave; long, longitudinal, mitral annulus velocity measured by tissue Doppler; IVRT, isovolumic relaxation time; IWT, inferior wall thickness; LVEDD, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVEDV, left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVESD, left ventricular end-systolic diameter; LVESV, left ventricular end-systolic volume; MV, mitral valve; PWT, posterior wall thickness; s, systolic; SWT, septal wall thickness
  2. Transthoracic echocardiographic was performed at 9 months of age in sedentary and exercise-trained (ET) male and female standard diet-fed wild-type (SD/WT) and high-fat diet-fed APOB-100 transgenic (HFD/APOB-100) mice. Values are mean ± SEM, n = 11–12/group, $p < 0.05, female vs. male groups, *p < 0.05, HFD/APOB-100 vs. SD/WT groups, #p < 0.05, ET vs. sedentary groups; Two-Way ANOVA (Holm-Sidak post hoc test) for comparisons between HFD/APOB-100 vs. SD/WT groups and ET vs. sedentary groups, and Student’s t-test or Mann–Whitney-U test for comparison between male and female groups. Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Holm-Sidak post hoc test was used in the cases of systolic inferior wall thickness within the male groups and diastolic septal, anterior, and inferior wall thicknesses, left ventricular end-systolic diameter, and E/A parameter within the female groups