Table 6 Summary of previous studies on sex differences in CAG findings

Giannoglou et al. [15]

Greece

14,090

Suspected CAD

To investigate sex differences of angiographic findings

Significant stenosis (≥ 50%) were more common in men (86% vs. 64%; P < 0.001) than in women

Gudnadottir et al. [16]

Sweden

106,881

Acute coronary syndrome

To investigate gender disparities in revascularization and clinical outcomes

Both left main stem stenosis and three-vessel disease were more common in men than in women (30.4% vs. 20.9%; P < 0.001)

Ouellette et al. [17]

USA

925

Suspected CAD

To investigate clinical characteristics and outcome of normal or near-normal coronary artery stenosis

More women than men (53.5% vs. 37.2%; P < 0.001) had normal or near-normal coronary arteries or non-obstructive CAD

Patel et al. [18]

USA

397,954

Suspected CAD

To investigate the diagnostic yield of invasive CAG

Male sex was an independent predictor for obstructive CAD (adjust OR 2.70; 95% CI 2.64–2.76)

Ritsinger et al. [19]

Sweden

2776

Type 1 diabetes undergoing CAG

To investigate sex aspects on CAD extent and prognosis in patients with type 1 diabetes

Three-vessel disease or left main disease were more common in men than in women (40.4% vs. 34.5%; P = 0.002)

Chiha et al. [20]

Australia

994

Suspected CAD

To investigate sex difference in CAG findings

Compared to men, women had lower mean extent scores (19.6 vs. 36.8; P < 0.0001) and lower vessel scores (0.7 vs. 1.3; P < 0.0001)

Bell et al. [21]

USA

22,795

Suspected CAD

To investigate gender bias in the selection for revascularization

Three-vessel disease was more frequently observed in men compared to women (41% vs. 26%, P < 0.0001)

Tamis-Holland et al. [22]

USA

1775

Type 2 diabetes with CAD

To investigate gender differences in symptoms and extent of CAD

Number of significant lesions was higher (2.7 ± 1.8 vs. 2.3 ± 1.7; P < 0.001) and total occlusion were more common (42% vs. 29%; P < 0.001) in men than in women

Roeters van Lennep et al. [24]

Netherlands

1894

With documented CAD

To investigate gender-related differences in CAD extent and localization

There were no significant differences in the prevalence of three-vessel disease (31.8% vs. 29.4%) and left main disease (6.4% vs. 8.1%) between men and women (P = 0.839)

Leaf et al. [25]

USA

1187

Suspected CAD

To investigate sex difference in CAG findings

There were no significant differences in the prevalence of three-vessel disease (47.5% vs. 42.9%) and left main disease (8.6% vs. 8.6%) between men and women in patients with CAD (P > 0.05)

Kyridakidis et al. [26]

Greece

735

With documented CAD

To investigate sex difference in CAG findings

Three-vessel CAD less common in women than in men (16% vs. 35%; P < 0.001). Gensini index was significantly higher in men (59 vs. 52; P = 0.03). The location of coronary stenoses did not show differences between men and women

Kim et al. [27]

South Korea

1136

Patients who underwent fractional flow reserve measurement

To investigate the influence of sex on the relationship between total anatomical and physiologic disease burdens

There were no differences in angiographic diameter stenosis, SYNTAX score, or residual SYNTAX score between women and men