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Table 1 Clinical, laboratory, and imaging characteristics of the end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) study population stratified by sex

From: Role of GDF-15, YKL-40 and MMP 9 in patients with end-stage kidney disease: focus on sex-specific associations with vascular outcomes and all-cause mortality

ESKD patients

Female (n = 79)

Male (n = 151)

p

Age, years

55 (42–62)

54 (42–65)

0.16

Cardiovascular disease, n (%)

16 (20.3)

52 (34.4)

0.012

Diabetes mellitus, n (%)

14 (17.1)

43 (28.5)

0.06

Body mass index, kg/m2

23.8 (21.5–27.7)

24.3 (22.3–27.7)

0.35

Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

139 (129–152)

146 (135–160)

0.03

Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

82 (74–91)

85 (78–94)

0.06

Smoking history, n (%)

10 (12.7)

14 (9.3)

0.61

SGA, > 1 n (%)

28 (35.4)

46 (30.5)

0.42

Handgrip strength

20 (17–25)

32 (25–39)

< 0.001

eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2

5.5 (4.4–8.3)

6.3 (5.1–8.3)

0.07

Medications at cohort entry

 ACEi/ARB, n (%)

47 (59.5)

120 (79.5)

0.001

 β-blockers, n (%)

45 (57.0)

104 (68.9)

0.07

 Ca-blockers, n (%)

47 (59.5)

94 (62.3)

0.68

 Statins, n (%)

26 (32.9)

60 (39.7)

0.31

Biochemicals

 Total cholesterol, mmol/L

4.7 (4.0–5.3)

4.2 (3.5–4.7)

< 0.001

 High-density lipoprotein, mmol/L

1.5 (1.2–1.8)

1.1 (0.9–1.4)

< 0.001

 Triglycerides, mmol/L

1.6 (1.1–2.2)

1.5 (1.2–2.0)

0.79

 Apolipoprotein A1, g/L

1.4 (1.3–1.6)

1.3 (1.1–1.5)

< 0.001

 Apolipoprotein B, g/L

0.9 (0.7–1.0)

0.8 (0.7–1.0)

0.14

 Lipoprotein(a), mg/L

327 (102–848)

199 (77–563)

0.18

 †Albumin, g/L

34.0 (4.6)

34.0 (5.0)

0.92

 Creatinine, µmol/L

648 (498–817)

757 (612–922)

0.001

 †Haemoglobin, g/L

109 (13)

107 (12)

0.24

 HbA1c, mmol/mol

28 (22–34)

30 (25–39)

0.15

Biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and uraemic dysfunction

 hsCRP, mg/L

2.1 (0.8–6.9)

2.3 (1.0–8.9)

0.65

 IL-6, pg/mL

4.0 (2.3–7.7)

5.9 (2.6–9.5)

0.25

 TNF, pg/mL

14.8 (10.9–18.3)

15.6 (12.1–19.5)

0.30

 8-OHdG, ng/mL

0.3 (0.2–0.6)

0.2 (0.1–0.3)

0.03

 TMAO, μM

69.0 (37.7–93.9)

72.6 (48.9–108.0)

0.21

Biomarkers of interest

 GDF-15, ng/mL

4.5 (3.6–5.4)

4.5 (3.4–5.6)

1.00

 MMP-9, ng/mL

328.7 (208.0–552.1)

275.8 (168.9–546.1)

0.44

 YKL-40, ng/mL

120.4 (86.9–173.2)

114.1 (78.9–187.5)

0.90

Vessel physiology

 CAC score, AU

16.5 (0.0–672.0)

68.5 (0.0–1072.0)

0.13

 CAC score, positive n (%)

25 (59.5), [n = 42]

53 (69.7), [n = 76]

0.26

 Media calcification, n (%)

11 (57.9), [n = 19]

33 (84.6), [n = 39]

0.03

 Intimal fibrosis, n (%)

3 (15.8), [n = 19]

14 (35.9), [n = 39]

0.11

Follow-up data

 All-cause mortality, n (%)

7 (8.9)

21 (13.9)

0.27

  1. Bold signifies statistical significance p < 0.05
  2. Continuous data expressed as median ± quartile range (Q1–Q3), or †Mean ± SD, and statistical comparisons by Mann–Whitney U test and Student’s t-test, dependent on not-normal distributed and †normal distributed data
  3. Nominal data expressed as frequency (%) and statistical comparison by Chi-squared test
  4. ACEi/ARB angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers, AVC aortic valve calcification, CAC coronary artery calcification, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, GDF-15 growth differentiation factor-15, HbA1c glycated haemoglobin, hsCRP high-sensitive C-reactive protein, IL-6 interleukin-6, MMP-9 matrix metalloproteinase-9, SGA subjective global assessment, TMAO trimethylamine N-oxide, TNF tumour necrosis factor, YKL-40 40-kDa plasma glycoprotein, 8-OHdG 8-hydroxy-2ʹ-deoxyguanosine
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Biology of Sex Differences

ISSN: 2042-6410

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