Fig. 2

The effects of sex and CKD on laboratory markers. A Serum urea concentration; B serum creatinine concentration; C creatinine clearance was calculated from urine volume, urine and serum creatinine concentrations according to the formula: urine creatinine concentration [μM] × urine volume for 24 h [mL])/(serum creatinine concentration [μM] × 24 × 60 min¥; D urine protein concentration; E serum cholesterol concentration, and F serum triglyceride concentration. Urine volume and urine creatinine concentration were measured at week 8, and serum creatinine concentration was determined at week 9. Values are means ± SEM, n = 12–14 for serum parameters (sham male: n = 13, CKD male: n = 14, sham female: n = 12, and CKD female: n = 14), and n = 10–14 for urine parameters and creatinine clearance (sham male: n = 11, CKD male: n = 14, sham female: n = 10, and CKD female: n = 12), *p < 0.05, CKD vs. sham-operated groups, #p < 0.05, females vs. males, p-values refer to two-way ANOVA (Holm–Sidak post hoc test)