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Table 1 Clinical characteristics of hospitalized COVID-19 patients

From: Sex differences in a cohort of COVID-19 Italian patients hospitalized during the first and second pandemic waves

 

Females, n = 367

Males, n = 633

First wave, n = 500

Second wave, n = 500

Main effect of sex

Main effect of wave

Sex × wave interaction

Severity

 Asymptomatic

22 (6.0)

30 (4.7)

25 (5.0)

27 (5.4)

0.378

0.986

0.192

 Mild

39 (10.6)

33 (5.2)

29 (5.8)

43 (8.6)

0.001

0.108

0.094

 Moderate

110 (30.0)

169 (26.7)

127 (25.4)

152 (30.4)

0.273

0.175

0.219

 Severe

60 (16.3)

117 (18.5)

110 (22.0)

67 (13.4)

0.69

0.004

0.085

 Critical

136 (37.1)

284 (44.9)

209 (41.8)

211 (42.2)

0.01

0.54

0.363

Types of oxygen supplementation

 No oxygen support needed

109 (29.6)

153 (24.2)

124 (2.4)

138 (27.6)

0.055

0.687

0.024

 Low flow cannula

67 (18.2)

79 (12.5)

57 (11.4)

89 (17.8)

0.017

0.01

0.461

 High flow mask

71 (18.3)

136 (21.5)

126 (25.2)

81 (16.2)

0.626

0.003

0.283

 cPAP/BiPAP

58 (15.8)

102 (15.1)

63 (12.6)

97 (19.4)

0.464

0.001

0.106

ICU admission

 Admission to ICU

51 (13.9)

153 (24.2)

120 (24.0)

84 (16.8)

0.000

0.019

0.967

 Age of patients admitted to ICUa

56.9 (16.9)

63.0 (12.3)

59.3 (13.7)

64.5 (13.6)

0.003

0.024

0.665

Outcome

 Deaths within the whole dataset

51 (13.89)

96 (15.2)

71 (14.2)

76 (15.2)

0.462

0.331

0.099

 Deaths within patients admitted to ICU

6/51 (11.7)

53/153 (34.6)

37/120 (30.8)

22/84 (26.2)

0.004

0.969

0.607

  1. Row numbers (percentages) and statistical significances, indicated as P value (chi-square test), are reported for females and males, first and second waves
  2. aFor the variable “age of patients admitted to ICU,” the numbers denote mean (standard deviation). The normal distribution of this variable was tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test
  3. The three columns at the right-hand side report the results of the logistic regressions (or univariate ANOVA in the case of the continuous variable) using sex and wave as predictors and age as a covariate of no interest. A not significant sex × wave interaction denotes that the percentages of males and females for each condition do not differ across waves. Statistically significant results are reported in bold
  4. BiPAP bilevel positive airway pressure, cPAP continuous positive airway pressure, ICU intensive care unit