Skip to main content
Fig. 2 | Biology of Sex Differences

Fig. 2

From: Impact of sex in the prevalence and progression of glioblastomas: the role of gonadal steroid hormones

Fig. 2

Molecular mechanisms of E2, P4, and T action in glioblastoma cells. Once in glioblastoma cells, E2, P4, and T can activate intracellular o membrane receptors, and according to the cellular context, different effects will be triggered. Effects induced by E2 are mainly mediated by the ERα/ERβ ratio. In a context with an ERα prevalence, E2 is associated with glioblastoma progression through enhancing proliferation, EMT, migration, and invasion, while ERβ prevalence is associated with cell death. In the case of P4 and its metabolites, a dual behavior is associated with the concentration of the former. Low levels of P4 induce an increase in proliferation, migration, and invasion while high levels induce processes related to cell death. P4 exerts its action through the PR or mPRs. The effects of T and its metabolites have been always associated with events that promote the progression of glioblastomas

Back to article page