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Table 3. Studies in animal models and in humans on the effects of vitamin D in SLE

From: The role of vitamin D in autoimmune diseases: could sex make the difference?

Studies in animal models

Studies in humans

↓ autoantibodies production [136]

↓ skin ulceration, renal damage [137]

↓ cognitive dysfunction [139]

↓ arthritis [138]

↓ Th1, Th2, Th17 cells,

↑ Treg cells,

↓ IL-4, IL-17, and INF-γ [137]

In vitro studies:

↓ autoantibodies production [143]

↓ maturation and differentiation of DC cells (↓ CD40, MHC-II, and CD86 expression) [145]

↓ IFN-α [144]

Clinical studies:

↑ Treg cells,

↓ Th17, Th1 cells, memory B cells [150]

↓ autoantibodies production [113, 150]

↓ disease activity [151]

No effects on disease activity and serology [146,147,148,149]

  1. DC Dendritic cell, MHC-II Major histocompatibility complex class II. ↓ indicates decrease, ↑ indicates increase