From: The role of vitamin D in autoimmune diseases: could sex make the difference?
Studies in animal models | Studies in humans |
---|---|
↓ autoantibodies production [136] ↓ skin ulceration, renal damage [137] ↓ cognitive dysfunction [139] ↓ arthritis [138] ↓ Th1, Th2, Th17 cells, ↑ Treg cells, ↓ IL-4, IL-17, and INF-γ [137] | In vitro studies: ↓ autoantibodies production [143] ↓ maturation and differentiation of DC cells (↓ CD40, MHC-II, and CD86 expression) [145] ↓ IFN-α [144] Clinical studies: ↑ Treg cells, ↓ Th17, Th1 cells, memory B cells [150] ↓ autoantibodies production [113, 150] ↓ disease activity [151] No effects on disease activity and serology [146,147,148,149] |