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Table 11 Results of the post hoc within-subjects contrasts (day, day × sex) and between-subjects effects (sex) of the mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) for absolute cycle-to-cycle variability of muscle activity with corresponding effect size r (Pearson’s correlation coefficient)

From: Sex differences in muscle activity and motor variability in response to a non-fatiguing repetitive screwing task

Parameter

Muscle

Outcome

Day

Sex

Interaction (day × sex)

Day 1 vs. 2

Day 1 vs. 3

Day 2 vs. 3

Men vs. women

Day 1 vs. 2

Day 1 vs. 3

Day 2 vs. 3

F value (df1, df2)

p value

r

F value (df1, df2)

p value

r

F value (df1, df2)

p value

r

F value (df1, df2)

p value

r

F value (df1, df2)

p value

r

F value (df1, df2)

p value

r

F value (df1, df2)

p value

r

RMSSD

M. extensor digitorum

START

2.46

(1, 54)

0.123

0.21

3.38

(1, 54)

0.072

0.24

0.39

(1, 54)

0.537

0.08

7.62

(1, 54)

0.008*

0.35†

0.11

(1, 54)

0.737

0.05

0.79

(1, 54)

0.378

0.12

0.49

(1, 54)

0.485

0.10

DIFF

246.00

(1, 54)

0.000*

0.91‡

114.98

(1, 54)

0.000*

0.82‡

0.02

(1, 54)

0.091

0.02

0.04

(1, 54)

0.841

0.03

0.06

(1, 54)

0.800

0.03

0.28

(1, 54)

0.598

0.07

0.65

(1, 54)

0.425

0.11

Mean

1.47

(1, 54)

0.230

0.16

3.38

(1, 54)

0.072

0.24

0.81

(1, 54)

0.371

0.12

8.16

(1, 54)

0.006*

0.36†

0.07

(1, 54)

0.794

0.04

0.70

(1, 54)

0.406

0.11

0.47

(1, 54)

0.498

0.09

M. flexor carpi radialis

START

0.19

(1, 50)

0.662

0.06

0.57

(1, 50)

0.453

0.10

0.40

(1, 50)

0.528

0.09

1.16

(1, 50)

0.287

0.15

2.90

(1, 50)

0.095

0.23

0.14

(1, 50)

0.711

0.05

1.91

(1, 50)

0.173

0.19

DIFF

1474.13

(1, 50)

0.000*

0.98‡

1747.90

(1, 50)

0.000*

0.99‡

890.72

(1, 50)

0.000*

0.97‡

0.47

(1, 50)

0.497

0.09

2.43

(1, 50)

0.125

0.21

3.32

(1, 50)

0.074

0.24

1.92

(1, 50)

0.172

0.19

Mean

0.00

(1, 50)

0.993

0.00

0.55

(1, 50)

0.460

0.10

1.26

(1, 50)

0.268

0.15

1.14

(1, 50)

0.291

0.15

3.41

(1, 50)

0.071

0.25

0.00

(1, 50)

0.975

0.00

4.87

(1, 50)

0.003*

0.29

M. biceps brachii

START

1.79

(1, 53)

0.186

0.18

0.33

(1, 53)

0.566

0.08

0.18

(1, 53)

0.675

0.06

4.15

(1, 53)

0.047*

0.27

0.77

(1, 53)

0.384

0.12

0.32

(1, 53)

0.577

0.08

1.47

(1, 53)

0.231

0.16

DIFF

31.04

(1, 53)

0.000*

0.61‡

44.48

(1, 53)

0.000*

0.68‡

4.24

(1, 53)

0.044*

0.27

12.31

(1, 53)

0.001*

0.43†

2.02

(1, 53)

0.161

0.19

1.09

(1, 53)

0.301

0.14

0.12

(1, 53)

0.727

0.05

Mean

2.32

(1, 53)

0.134

0.20

0.33

(1, 53)

0.567

0.08

0.42

(1, 53)

0.521

0.09

7.40

(1, 53)

0.009*

0.35†

0.02

(1, 53)

0.881

0.02

0.69

(1, 53)

0.410

0.11

0.94

(1, 53)

0.336

0.13

M. triceps brachii

START

2.29

(1, 53)

0.136

0.20

7.19

(1, 53)

0.010*

0.35†

1.21

(1, 53)

0.275

0.15

0.90

(1, 53)

0.347

0.13

0.09

(1, 53)

0.760

0.04

0.17

(1, 53)

0.686

0.06

0.00

(1, 53)

0.954

0.01

DIFF

279.60

(1, 53)

0.000*

0.92‡

889.84

(1, 53)

0.000*

0.97‡

156.86

(1, 53)

0.000*

0.86‡

10.27

(1, 53)

0.002*

0.40†

0.40

(1, 53)

0.530

0.09

7.48

(1, 53)

0.008*

0.35†

6.14

(1, 53)

0.016*

0.32†

Mean

1.45

(1, 53)

0.233

0.16

5.62

(1, 53)

0.021*

0.31†

0.81

(1, 53)

0.371

0.12

0.22

(1, 53)

0.638

0.06

0.00

(1, 53)

0.946

0.01

0.04

(1, 53)

0.835

0.03

0.02

(1, 53)

0.898

0.02

  1. *Significant p value, α = 0.05. †Medium effect size, r ≥ 0.3; ‡Large effect size, r ≥ 0.5. df1 degrees of freedom for the number of comparisons within subjects, df2 degrees of freedom for the error term, RMSSD absolute cycle-to-cycle variability of muscle activity, START initial value, DIFF difference value between the start (rows 2 and 3) and end (rows 11 and 12) value